Zeb achievements in the usa apta 2015 - a papson pm calstart
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Andrew Papson, project manager at CALSTART, gave this presentation on the state of Zero Emission Buses (ZEB) in the USA at the APTA 2015 Bus and Paratransit Conference in Austin TX, on May 6, 2015. Included in the presentation was an overview of Zero Emission Bus Achievements: -A sustainable ZEB industry -Increasing variety in products, markets, and use cases -Technical success stories -Reliability success stories -New funding from public sources He also offered attendees information on commercially available offerings, and many more undergoing research and development with strong support from government, private industry and the transit agencies that use these clean vehicles. For more information contact CALSTART at 626/744-5600
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Zeb achievements in the usa apta 2015 - a papson pm calstart
- 1. Zero Emission Bus Achievements in the USA Andrew Papson CALSTART Project Manager May 6, 2015
- 2. Zero Emission Bus Achievements in the USA Zero Emission Bus Achievements: • A sustainable ZEB industry • Increasing variety in products, markets, and use cases • Technical success stories • Reliability success stories • New funding from public sources
- 3. 40’ Foot Battery Electric Bus 40 Foot Repowered Electric Bus 40 Foot Fuel Cell Bus 40 Foot Battery Electric Bus 40Foot Battery Electric Bus Wireless Charging Systems The ZEB industry is growing Many more in testing & development A selection of OEMs with ZEB offerings…
- 4. More buses are on the road • As of 2014 over 130 ZEBs are deployed nationwide - likely to double by end of 2015 • 24 battery fleets, 10 fuel cell fleets currently on the road • More ZEB miles -> more performance data, improvement
- 5. A variety of fuels & configurations are available Hybrid Range- Extended Hybrid Battery Electric Bus Battery Dominant Fuel Cell Fuel Cell Bus 30’ Minibus 40’ Coach 45’ Commuter 60’ Artic • In the last year ZEB offerings have covered many sectors • Configs for variety of transit agency use cases • Variety of charging solutions: depot plug-in, overhead fast charge, inductive in-pavement
- 6. Battery Costs decreasing while energy density increasing Source: US DOE Vehicle Technologies Office 2008: $1000/kwh, 600 Wh/L 2013: $350/kwh, 1400 Wh/L • Between 2008 and 2013 battery costs dropped by 2/3, energy density more than doubled. • Resulting ZEBs have longer range on fewer and cheaper batteries • Approaching DOE targets: $125/kwh and 400 Wh / liter.
- 7. Fuel Cell operating costs continue to decrease $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10 Jan-11 Jan-12 Jan-13 Fuel Cell Bus Maintenance Costs $/mile BC Transit AC Transit SunLine CT Transit $1.04 $1.29 $1.51 $1.31 $0.67 $0.39 $1.60 NREL NFCBP data • FCB reliability increasing, with per-mile maintenece costs dropping with new fuel cell bus generations • Sunline Transit maintenance costs were lower than the CNG fleet
- 8. Public funding is increasing As ZEB technology matures, buses are eligible for a wider pool of funding . A selection of sources: Federal Funding Sources FTA LoNo Awarded $55m in 2015, more funding in 2016 FTA TIGGER Funded $21.2m for BEBs and FCBs 2013 FTA TIGER Funded 22 BEBs for IndyGo in 2013 California Funding Sources CA Energy Commission Awarded $7.3m for ZEBs in 2015, $5.8m for ZEBs in 2012. Continues for several years Air Resources Board New funding for large deployments (5+) $25m available in 2015, continues for several years Incentive Programs California ZEB vouchers $100 k - $160k per vehicle Chicago ZEB voucher $150k per vehicle New York State ZEB voucher $40k per vehicle
- 9. Additional Work Underway Additional projects are breaking down barriers. In brief: • Procurement Standards. A broad industry coalition under FTA and CTE is developing draft procurement standards to be included in the APTA White Book. • Spare ratio requirements. Work is underway to provide guidance on the spare ratios needed to support a ZEB fleet . This would not be limited to additional vehicles, but include high-value spare components that can be swapped out between buses. • An example is a spare fuel cell that can be used in any bus within a fuel cell bus fleet. • Altoona: several battery buses have undergone Altoona testing, the first fuel cell bus will be tested in 2016.
- 10. Work Underway: Electric Bus Charging Standards • EPRI and SAE are leading a task force to develop ZEB charging standards. • Standard specs to be created for – Plug-in depot charging – Overhead conductive charging – Wireless in-ground charging • Spec sheets will standardize three components – Physical connector – Voltage and current levels – Communication protocols • Standardization will allow transit agencies to feel comfortable in investing in infrastructure without being concerned about vendor lock-in. New Flyer Hi Voltage Lower Current Bus Proterra Lower Voltage Hi Current Bus
- 11. In short… • The ZEB market is growing into a stable industry • ZEB deployments are growing across the nation • There is a growing number of ZEB configurations, opening opportunities with new agencies. • The industry is moving forward with technical achievements including battery cost reductions and improved maintenance cost • Funding sources continue to come online to grow this maturing technology.
- 12. Contact for More Information Andrew Papson Project Manager CALSTART 626.744.5679 http://www.calstart.org apapson@calstart.org
Notas do Editor
- CALSTART is a clean transportation nonprofit dedicated to commercializing new vehicle technologies. By bringing these technologies to market, we cut greenhouse gases, clean the air, lessen our dependence on foreign oil, and build green jobs. Much of its work is in the heavy duty vehicle space, focusing both on buses and trucks. CALSTART has 140 member companies including 40 in the bus industry and 12 transit fleets nationwide.
- The goal for this presentation to review the hurdles the zero emission bus industry have overcome and the successes we have achieved. First, the ZEB industry, once a test-bed for custom one-off bus designs, has grown into a sustainable competitive industry with maturing technology. We’ll touch on the ZEB installations across the country and the variety of bus designs available. I will be highlighting technical and reliability success stories that demonstrate the ways that ZEB technology is breaking down major barriers to commercialization. Last, I’m going to review the growing number of public funding sources that are available to industry and transit agencies.
- First and foremost among achievements, we are seeing a vibrant ZEB industry across all fuel types. What used to be a niche market now features several OEMs, component suppliers, and integrators. The result is both competition and partnership which is speeding up technology development, driving down prices, and building an industry that is more engaged with transit agencies and responsive to their needs. Displayed here are just a selection of OEMs and product manufacturers, all supplying their own vehicle models along with warrantee coverage, service and support, or building innovative charging solutions. Many more are not shown here, and are either building vehicles as OEMs or developing high-technology batteries, drivetrains and other components.
- Growing hand-in-hand with the industry, we have seen more and more properties investing in zero emission buses and bus infrastructure. This map shows the location of properties currently operating or funded to operate battery buses or fuel cell buses. In total, CALSTART identified 24 battery properties and 10 fuel cell properties that are either operating buses today or have funding in place for future vehicles. This doesn’t include the many properties where past demonstrations are complete and future funding is still being sought. Over 130 zero emission buses are on the road as of the end of 2014, a number which is likely to double by the end of next year. The more ZEBs we have in the field, the more experience we collect on operation and support issues, which enables industry to keep improving reliability and reducing operating costs in future generations of the technology. CALSTART has been involved in data collection and vehicle analysis at many of these sites, where we have seen incredible growth over the years in reliability and reduced operating costs. NREL also has a robust data acquisition program, and they have similar results available in reports on their website.
- Another indicator of maturity is the growing breadth of zero and near-zero emission vehicle offerings. I’m capturing on this slide a range of low or no emission configurations, from conventional hybrids and range extended hybrids to battery electric buses, battery dominant fuel cell, and fuel cell bus. These vehicles are being built today in a variety of form factors from minibuses to 60’ artics. Not captured here is also the variety of charging solutions in the market: depot plug in charging, overhead fast charge, and inductive in-pavement charging are all available. This development is significant for the industry. In the past Calstart has worked with member agencies and other fleets to explore potential zero emission bus programs, but these programs would stall because the available vehicles didn’t meet the agency needs – for example agencies needed artics that can be used in long-distance commuter service, or minibuses. This is also an achievement marker for the maturing zero emission bus market.
- Here is a technical success story. This chart was developed by DOE in a review based on several battery design studies over 6 years, in partnership with the US Advanced Battery Consortium. The period between 2008 and 2013 they saw battery costs drop by two thirds from approximately $1,000/kwh down to $300/kwh. At the same time, energy density more than doubled from 60 Watt-hour/liter to over 150 Watt-hour/liter. The energy density of batteries allows the buses to travel further on fewer and cheaper battery packs. DOE has set a target of $125/kwh and 400 Wh / liter for future years. Report link: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/02/f8/eveverywhere_road_to_success.pdf
- A reliability success story - This chart shows the maintenance cost of fuel cell bus demonstrations over the past seven years. The data is drawn from NREL reports completed by Leslie Eudy and published on the NREL website. It tracks the maintenance costs incurred during four fuel cell bus demonstration projects. In green the two phases of the CT Transit demonstration had average costs of $1.04 and $1.29 per mile. AC Transit’s demonstration, in blue, originally started with high per mile costs, but those decreased significantly in the following phases. A very promising bus is the ElDorado/BAE/Ballard American Fuel Cell bus placed at SunLine transit in 2013. This bus ran for 16 months in the first phase with an average maintenance cost of 39 cents per mile. The results from SunLine’s phase 2 extended test should be released next year. In the past few years SunLine has received two more AFCBs through a an FTA TIGGER grant and will receive 5 more through FTA’s LoNo program.
- A sign of success with ZEBs is the confidence shown by public agencies to bring this to technology to market. The federal government and states have stepped in and provided significant support for zero emission bus development projects and deployment. This funding landscape is changing somewhat in recent years, but while some funding sources have been curtailed (like the FTA’s National Fuel Cell Bus Program), they have been replaced by a number of other options. Further, now that ZEBs are maturing to a new technology readiness level, they are becoming qualified for more funding pools. Touching on a few of these specifically. The FTA low or no emissions program is supporting the development of both fuel cell and battery buses, and issued $55m in grants this year with more funding opportunities in 2016. ZEBs have been successful for both TIGGER and TIGER funding as well. At the state level, the California Energy Commission and Air Resources Board are both operating programs to fund zero emission trucks and buses. The CEC is supporting demonstrations of 1 or 2 vehicles that are in development, while ARB is focusing on deployments of 5 or greater that are commercially ready. Both programs are funded to continue for the next several year. In addition to these grant programs, several states or localities offer significant voucher incentives for the purchase of commercial zero emission trucks and buses. In california, the HVIP program will issue vouchers of $100k to $160k per vehicle depending on the fuel type and location. Chicago has a similarly rich program, while New York State vouchers are at a lower amount but still significant. CALSTART operates all three of these programs, and I am available to answer any additional questions on them. These are just a subset of funding opportunities; at CALSTART we’re tracking over a dozen funding sources for zero emission buses and keep our members up to date on upcoming opportunities.
- Lastly, I want to touch on several other projects breaking down barriers for zero emission buses. * Procurement Standards. The lack of ZEB procurement standards is hindering the purchase process and limiting access to government funding. A broad industry coalition under FTA and CTE are developing draft procurement standards to be included in the APTA White Book. These standards will streamline the ZEB procurement process and make them accessible to a wider circle of transit agencies. Spare ratio requirements. Work is underway to provide guidance on the spare ratios needed to support a ZEB fleet . This would not be limited to additional vehicles, but include high-value spare components that can be swapped out between buses. Altoona testing: several battery buses have completed Altoona, the first fuel cell bus will be tested in 2016.
- Highlighting one issue in particular - The Infrastructure Working Council of EPRI in conjunction with SAE have taken leadership in the development of electric bus charging standards. The first kickoff call with industry stakeholders was held two weeks ago with most ZEB OEMs participating. The goal will be to make separate charging standards for different use cases, like plug-in depot, overhead conductive, and in-ground wireless. In each case the standard will specify a specific or set of physical connectors, voltage and current levels, and communication protocols.
- In short, a list of our achievements: The ZEB market is growing into a stable industry ZEB deployments are growing across the nation There is a growing number of ZEB configurations, opening opportunities with new agencies. The industry is moving forward with technical achievements including battery cost reductions and improved maintenance cost Funding sources continue to come online to grow this maturing technology.