2012 Lecture Series - "State and Sangha: Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korean History"
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2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 2 Originally presented on 6/3/12
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Semelhante a 2012 Lecture Series - "State and Sangha: Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korean History"
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2012 Lecture Series - "State and Sangha: Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korean History"
- 1. Buddhist Culture and Political Thought in Korean History 2012 Lecture Series - Lecture 2 1
- 2. Outline • Introduction • Buddhism Comes to Korean Peninsula • Buddhist Influence on the Silla Dynasty • Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo Dynasty • Suppression Under Choson • Japanese Colonial Rule • Buddhism and Westernization 2
- 3. Introduction Religion and governance are intertwined Buddhism one of most influential religions State policies have both encouraged and restricted Buddhism Buddhism has influenced the state both culturally and politically 3
- 4. Introduction into Korea Shamanism Dual Leadership 4
- 5. Introduction into Korea Entered via China in 372 CE “Three Kingdoms” period • Goguryeo • Bakeje • Silla Multi-Tribal No National Identity 5
- 6. Introduction into Korea Monk Shundao (順道) Texts/Statues Rudimentary Buddhism Easy to Adopt/Assimilate 6
- 7. Buddhist Influence on Silla Silla Dynasty 57 BCE - 935 CE Commoners attracted first Resistance among aristocrats 527 CE King Pophung and The Miracle of Ichadon 7
- 8. Buddhist Influence on Silla King Pophung’s 4 Motivations • Personal Faith • Edification of the People • Protection of the State • Absorption of Buddhism 8
- 9. Buddhist Influence on Silla King Chinhung 24th Ruler 540 - 576 CE Later Becomes Monk Growth of Buddhism Encouraged Hwarang “Flower Boy” System 9
- 10. Buddhist Influence on Silla Hwarang “Flower Boy” System - Elite Male Youth - Steeped in Buddhism - Spiritual/Physical Training - 5 Secular “Precepts” - Major role in unification Ideologically, belief and hope that the youth were incarnations of Maitreya 10
- 11. Buddhist Influence on Silla Cakravartin Ideal - Universal Ruler - Emperor Ashoka as model - Secular counterpart to Buddha - Doctrine of Karma - Power is legitimized Ruler or king administers benevolently and ethically, in Silla context, according to Buddhist ideology 11
- 12. Buddhist Influence on Silla Queen Seondeok 27th Ruler of Silla 632 - 647 CE Promulgated Buddhism 12
- 13. Hoguk Pulgyo Promote Buddhism Protect the State Temple Construction Foreign Monks Invited Religious/Political Appointments Royalty Adopt Buddhist Names Unity of Buddhism and State Continuation of Dual Leadership 13
- 14. Buddhist Influence on Silla Inadequacy of Shamanism Buddhism helped justify and legitimize power Buddhist doctrine used to centralize power, expand territorially, and unify land Accommodated indigenous deities by reinterpretation of existing legends Observed outside development 14
- 15. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo 918 - 1392 CE Buddhism ascends to highest prominence and state patronage Buddhism used as political tool Official state ideology and religion Tripitaka Koreana, Haein-sa 1251 15
- 16. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo T’aejo Wanggon Ruled 918 - 943 CE “10 Rules of Exhortation” Series of edicts that laid foundation for strong relationship with Buddhism First dictate was to protect Buddhism by building monasteries, sponsoring festivals, and dispatching abbots 16
- 17. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo Samguk Yusa 13th Century Historiographic collection Complied by monk Il Yeon Inspiration for Koyro Rulers Buddhist Folktales pointed to direct correlation between Buddhism and the welfare of the state 17
- 18. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo “Two Wheels of Dharma” Hoguk Pulgyo further justified King is incorporated into a Buddhist world vision and given the role of promotor of the Dharma One wheel wielded by King, other by the Buddha Two wheels operate together Not separate but interdependent 18
- 19. Buddhism Flourishes During Koryo Monk Examination System Bureaucratic Department Parallel to Civil Servants Serve government through spiritual advice, ceremonies, prayers for nation Tax Exemption Gradual transformation into elite aristocratic organization 19
- 20. Suppression under Choson Social/Economic Changes Mongol Empire Koyro Disintegrates King Taejo 1392 - 1910 CE Ideology Shift 20
- 21. Suppression under Choson Neo-Confucianism Critical of Buddhism on a number of levels Buddhist teachings not appropriate for state governance Buddhism is anti-productive Refuge for impoverished 21
- 22. Suppression under Choson State implements new policies Monk License System Confiscates Buddhist Property Temple Conversion Exile from Cities Buddhism loses social respect Hoguk Pulgyo diminishes 22
- 23. Japanese Colonial Rule 1910 - 1945 Buddhism vulnerable from Choson suppression Treaty of Amity 1876 Japanese subordinate Buddhism City Ban is repealed Increased Secularization 1926 - Married Abbots 23
- 24. Japanese Colonial Rule Nationalist Movement Anti-Religious Movement Buddhism is Japanese Tool for exploitation Further fueled by those sympathetic to Japanese 24
- 25. Buddhism and Westernization Post World War II Republic of Korea Sungman Lee ‘Purification Reforms’ 1954 - “Japanized Buddhists” Marginalized non-celibate monks 1961 - Law for the Control of Buddhist Properties Police occupy temples 25
- 26. Buddhism and Westernization 1970s Buddhism is Backwards Monks drafted into Army Accused of violating Precepts Forced Allegiance to Government Dissidents and Protestors Grow 26
- 27. Buddhism and Westernization 1980s - 1990s Purged of ‘undesirable elements’ Temple Raiding Brutalized Monks Vandalization Temple Burnings 27
- 28. Buddhism and Westernization Lee Myung Bak President Since 2008 Devout Christian (Presbyterian) 12:1 Accused of blind eye TempleStay Budget Cuts Jogye Order Severs Communication ‘Pray for Collapse’ 28
- 29. Learn More! 29
- 30. Next Lecture... Returning to Buddha: History of Buddhism and Abortion in Japan August 2012 30