BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. ASSIGNMENT -11
BUILDING CONST. IV
TOPIC :LOW COST
CONSTRUCTION
SUBMITTED BYSUBMITTED TO
BRIJESH VARSHNEY
B.ARCH 3rd YR , 5th SEM
Ar. SURJEET SINGH

2. CONTENT
SR.NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. DEFINITION
2. ADVANTAGE /DISADVANTAGE
3. BUILDING MATERIAL
4. NATURAL MATERIALS
5. MANMADE MATERIALS
6. CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
7. FOUNDATIONS
8. SPLIT STONE
9. SUN DRIED BRICKS AND COB
10. PRESSED BRICKS
11. PISE (RAMMED EARTH)
12. WATTLE AND DAUB
13. RAT TRAP BOND
14. BRICK JALI
15. CORBEL ARCH
16. ARCHES
17. FILLER SLABS
18. LOFT SAND BUNKS
19. JACK ARCH ROOFS
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3. The low cost house is the solution for quick developments and poor sections of the population
that need quality housing. Government and aid agencies, which in crisis regions many
refugees come forward or after a natural catastrophe and depend on quick first response help,
can produce a quality accommodation with the low cost house.
LOW COST CONSTRUCTION
Advantages Disadvantages
• no long lasting in comparison of modern
construction
• limited used in high rise building
• not used in special type of
buildings(banks, post office etc)
• made by skilled labours
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LOW COST CONSTRUCTION

4. Selection Of LowCost Building Material
○ Manufacturing of Low Cost Building Materials
□ Environmental friendly
□ Improve technologies for production
□ Reduction in waste generation
○ Use of Recycled Waste asBuilding Materials
□ Waste produced can be used for the production of a material cheaper in cost
○ Use of Natural Low Cost BuildingMaterials
□ Natural materials are sustainable and environmental friendly
□ Materials like stone , wood ,lime ,bamboo ,sand have low embodied energy
○ Use of Local Building Materials
□ Reduces transportation dependence
□ Suitable for local environment
○ Use of non-toxic Building Materials
□ Materials to be free from any kind of toxins
□ Higher air cycling required if any highly organic volatile compounds are used
○ Longevity, Durability and Maintenance
□ Use of durable construction materials decreases the maintenance cost
□ Low maintenance cost saves a lot of building operating costs
○ Recyclability and Reusability
□ In a form so that it can be recycled or reused. Eg.Plastics
○ Biodegradability
□ Decompose naturally when discarded
□ Not produce toxic gases while decomposition
Building Materials
 Natural : Random Straw or Coconut Fibres Stabilised Soil,Bamboo,Compressed
Earth Block,Non –erodible MudPlaster,Straw,Fibre Cement Composites,Bagasse
Composite boards
 Man Made : Fly Ash,Coal Washery Rejects,Aerocon Panels,Ferro Cement

5. 1.Random straw or Coconut Fibres StabilisedSoil
• Ancient construction material used in many countries
• Have both strength and durability
• Compacted material
• 1% of straw increases the strength by three time as compared
to no straw
• Coconut fibres increases the durability
• Sulphur coating enhances the water
resistance
2.Bamboo
• India is the largest producer,50% of world production
• Easily affordable
• Easy assembly and long durability
• High tensile strength, than steel
• Fire resistant unto 4000 deg C
• High elasticity hence used in earthquake prone areas
• Low weight –easy for transportation and assembly
3.Compressed Earth Block
• Raw earth stabilised by cement or lime
• Also known as Adobe bricks ,light in weight
• Non toxic
• Fire resistant ,Sound resistant
• Low transportation cost
• Insect resistant as they are very dense
• Available in customizable sizes
• Used in stucco work for exteriors
Natural
4.Non-erodible MudPlaster
• Economical process of preventing mud walls
from erosion
• Mud mixed with bitumen and kerosene oil
• Resistant to water

6. 5.Straw
• Fire resistant
• Thermal insulation
• Soil and Moisture insulation
• Non toxic
6.Fibre CementComposites
• Natural fibre used with cement as an alternative building material
• Fibres used like bagasse , cereal straw, corn and cotton stalk ,kenalf /rice husk
• Imparts
• Light weight
• High strength to weight ratio
• Corrosion resistance
7.Bagasse Cement-Boards and Panels
• Fibrous matter after sugar is extracted
• Sugarcane bagasse and Portland cement is mixed
• High density boards
8.Bagasse PVCBoards
• Sugarcane bagasse and PVC is mixed as a binder
• Inherent self extinguishing property
• Used in door shutters, sanitary fixtures, pipes, cable,
cabinets
9.Jute andCoir
• Widely available in India used for window and door shutter,
partitioning, false ceiling, furniture etc.
Single layer flat pressed medium density board
Low water absorption, workable with wood tools
 Coir-CNSL Thermal Insulation Board
o Coconut fibres as reinforcing material
o CNSLas natural binder
o Low density for moderate
thermal insulation
 Jute-Coir Composites
o Economic alternative forwood
o Eg- coir ply boards with jute face
veneer,
coir plus waste rubber inside

7. Man Made
• Mineral residue after burning burning coal and fineglass
• Constitutes of silica, alumina and iron
Fly Ash Bricks
o Class C fly ash and water
o Due to high calcium oxide its self cementing
o Energy efficient
o Lower water penetration, light weight, thermal insulation
1.Fly Ash
2.Coal Washery Rejects Bricks
• Left over after fluidised bed combustion
• Uses water and reduces air and land pollution
• Energy efficient
• Red mud, coal ash, etc from large scale industries can
beused
• These are mixed with lime pozollona and cement to
form bricks
3.Aerocon Panels
• Inorganic bonded sandwich panels
• 2 fibre cement sheets engulfing a Portland cement
mix with fibres of silica's andmicaceous aggregates
• Light weight, thermal insulation, fire and sound resistant
• Termite and weatherresistant
• Suitable for seismic or cyclone prone
zones
5.Roofing
• Thin walled versatile high strength cement based
composite material
• Cement mortar reinforced with 2-3 layers of wire mesh
• Light weight high strength
4.Ferro Cement
 Bamboo Matt Roofing Corrugated Sheets
o Better than clay and Mangalore tiles
o Preferred for semi permanent structures

8. Construction techniques
• Take them 45 cm higher and you have a
ready made bed or seat!
• When soil is poor and soft – it is
usual to dig a wide trench and cover
the bottom with concrete. On this a
wide stone wall 50- 60cm is built on
topof that.
• When the soil is strong and hard there is
no need for either to concrete or the
layer of thick stonework.
• Usually stop at floor level (30 or 40 cm
above ground level.).
1. FOUNDATIONS
Another use for split building BAMBOO in
LIME concrete is for foundations, especially
in sandy areas along the sea coast. Salt
and saline will not affect or destroy
either the concrete or the reinforcement.
(Ordinary foundations will crack with
shiftingsands.)

9. In some districts stone is
available, but only in small
irregular lumps. These make
very poor walls with no
possibility of good bonding.
Cracks soon develop.
Make a metal (or wood) box
(without top or bottom) about
45 cm long 23 cm wide and 15
cm high.
Place in it t h e larger stones
and t h en fill in, all round, w i
t h concrete made of t he
small stones. After drying and
removing the box you have an
excellent building block.
2. SPLIT STONE
In some districts granite is split from
large rocks to give posts and slabs.
You can incorporat e t h es e stones as
lintels, shelves, window “ g r i l l s ”
and ch i l d - p r o o f
f u rn i t u r e . Sho rt b ro ke n posts can
usually be had at very low prices.

10. 3.SUNDRIED BRICKS
This is very old, well tried and tested mud brick
system common in many parts of kerala.
If properly made, these mud sun dried bricks
are capable of being used for a two sto- rey
house.
Mixsoilwith onlya little
water-pick up as much as
you can in your two hands
and make a ‘roll’.
Place these rolls closely
together in rows; Then
smooth one ofthe ends.
Anyone can make this sort of a wall
but you CANNOT MAKE A HIGH
WALL.
It is very good for curved or circular
walls.
4. COB

11. 5. PRESSED BRICKS
A hand operated machine
compresses the earth into
hard, smooth, strong bricks
(the machine can be owned
by t h e community or
panchayat).
These can be used f or even
t h r e e storey houses,
t h o u g h each storey must be
protected form rain by
overhanging slabs.
6. PISE(RAMMED EARTH)
Wi t h a p r o p e r l y made fr a m
e ( w h i c h can be taken to
p ie ce s ) r a m m e d e ar t h m ak
es a very strong wall.
It is essentially good for
large, low, solid looking
buildings or i t can t ake t h
e w e i g h t of heavy r o o f i n g
such as r e i n f o r c e d c onc
ret e .

12. 7. WATTLE AND DAUB
This system of using mud for house
building is more usual in india’s eastern
states.
It is mainly used in bamboo growing
areas.
It is particularly good and ‘safe’ in areas
prone to earth tremors. It is also
adaptable to any shape of building.
The RAT TRAP BOND is still mainly
unknown in india, though used in
england for the past several hundred
years. It is as strong as the other
bonds but uses 25% LESS bricks and
mortar.
Thermal insulation is very much
better.
8. RATTRAP BOND
Bricks are laid on edge, not flat.
This creates a ‘bonded cavity’.

13. The CAVITYin the RATTRAP BOND wall
ensures good insulation from heat and
cold.
This can be ruined by a poor mason
carelessly slopping mortar into the cavity
whilehe isbuilding. To avoid this
1.Make sure the mortar is not too wet, and
2.Use a 3” wide strip of wood, laid over the
central cavity and place the mortar on
both sidedof it.
9. BRICK JALI
‘Jali’ - formerly pierced stone panels – is one
of india’s oldest methods of letting into a
building filtered light and ventilation but
maintaining privacy and security.
BRICK
JALI can
function
in the
same
way –
either as
panels or
as a
complete
load
bearing
wall.

14. There is the old “honey comb”
pattern of ‘jali’ brick work.
The holes can be extended vertically.
Or t h e r e can be a l t e r n a t i n g se ct i
on s o f on e r o w of h o le s
followed by
2 or 3 rows
of holes, then the single hole row
again
–And so on.
Once t hese patterns have been used –
a good mason can devise and enjoy
doing many patterns.
Floor to ceiling, and column to column,
large panels of jail can be ‘corrugated’ or
‘folded’ (for strength – and even for
four and half inch brick walls) and given
first class lighting and ventilation to
corridors, class rooms, and even for large
halls and auditoria. Bay‘windows’
Make excellent beds in the hot weather.

15. The usual round and segmental arches n e e d
s h u t t e r i n g or s u p p o r t d u r i n g
construction .
The corbel arch needs no support and is
extremely simple and easy to make.
One quarter of a brick is extended out f ro
m t h e brick below it. T he w r i t e r
successfully used such ‘arches’ over
openings up to 5 meters wide.
10. CORBEL ARCH
11. ARCHES
Arches can be of
different shapes
and sizes and
are much less
costly than r.C.
Lintels.
But while
constructin
g them,
some sort
of frame
work or
support is
necessary.
In on e
building t h ere
may be
arches
of
different sizes
so make
the frame for
the smallest –
and add a row or
two of dry
bricks (No
mortar) for the
larger arches.

16. 12. FILLER SLAB
(Variable rod size according to span)
In the orthodox reinforced concrete slab
the dead weight of its concrete is heavy.
This weight can be lessened by putting
light weight material between the steel
rods.
The simplest ‘filler’ is to use two
grade mangalore tiles. These have no
structural strength value – they are mere
‘fillers’.
Using them saves about 30% dead weight
of the ‘slab’ – so less steel is needed – so
much steel, sand, cement metal and cost
is saved.
13 . LOFT SAND BUNKS
When a sloping roof is asked for
(or a sloping site makes a
sloping roof m or e economi cal )
t h e re is usually q u o t e a l o t of
spare space under t h e lower
sloping parts and these can be
used not only for shelves and
storage but also for seats and
beds.
These sections
show how the
‘living space’ is
in creased
without enlarging
the total
Floor area of a
small house

17. Insteadofusing
regular walling
systemoflintel
and window
system,jali work
can help cost
estimation.
Climate considerations
and useoflocal
materials helps
maintaining economy
than generalRCC
practise
14. JACKARCH ROOFS
They are easy to construct, save
on cement and steel, are more
appropriate in hot climates.
These can be constructed
using compressed earth blocks
also as alternative to bricks for
further economy.
Conclusion