Desecription ,adulteration and important feature of acorus calamus , lavender and clove .

1. PHARMACOGNOSY
Study of crude drug obtained from plant animals, minerals and their
constituents)
LAVENDER (LAVENDULA ANGUSTIFOLIA)
CLOVE(EUGENIA CARYOPHYLLUS)
ACORUS(ACORUS CALAMUS)
PRESENTER- BHUMIKA (SHUBHECHCHHA) GHIMIRE

2. CLOVE(Eugenia
caryophyllus)
-Clove consist of the dried flower bud of
Eugenia caryophyllus belonging to family
Myrataceae .
-It is native in Indonesia and cultivated
mainly in the island of pemba
,brazil,Amboiana and sumantra .
-It is also found in penang,Mauritius,west
inides,india and Ceylon.

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOVE
PLANT
-Clove plant is of 10-20m in height which requires moist,
warm and equable climate with well-distributed rainfall.
-Mainly propagated by means of seeds .
-Clove buds change their color as they mature and loss
about 70% of it’s weight while drying and changes it’s color
to dark- reddish brown.
-The flower bud has an upper crown and a hypanthodium
which is sub-cylindrical and tapering at the end .It has
schizogenous oil glands and an ovary which is bilocular .

4. Cont..
• -The ovary consist of abundant ovules .
• -Corolla is also known as head, crown or cap ;it is dome shaped
and has four pale yellow colored petals.
• Clove has strong spicy ,aromatic odour and pungent and aromatic
taste .
• The seeds should be collected from fully ripe fruits for raising
seedlings.

5. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• -It contains 14-21% volatile oil .
• Eugenol(70-80%) (ALSO PHENYLPROPANE DERIVATIVE)
• Acetyl eugenol
• Tannins
• α,β caryopyllene Fig; caryllophyllene
• Other substances mainly methyl furfural and dimethyl furfual.
• DUE TO METHYL AMYL KETONE AROMA OF CLOVE OCCURS SO
CALLED AS SYZGIUM AROMANTICUM.

6. Chemical tests
1.To a thick section through hypanthodium of clove,add
50%potassium hydroxide solution ;it produces needle
shaped crystals of potassium eugenate.
2. A drop of clove oil is dissolved in 5ml alcohol and a drop
of ferric chloride solution is added ;due to the phenolic OH
group of eugenol, a blue color is seen.
3.To a drop of chloroform extract of clove ,add a drop of
30% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide saturated with
sodium bromide; Needle and pear shaped crystals of
sodium eugenate arranged in rosette are produced.

7. Uses of cloves
-They are used as an antiseptic,stimulant ,carminative,aromatic and as
a flavouring agent .
-It is also used as anodyne,antiemetic.
Dentist use clove oil as an oral anesthetic and to disinfect the root
canals.
-clove kills intestinal parasite and exhibit broad antimicrobial properties
against fungi and bacteria.
It can stop toothache and also a few drops of the oil in water will stop
vomiting .
-Eating cloves is said to be aphrodisiac and also stimulate peristalsis .

8. Cont..
-It is considered as a strong germicide ,also a stimulating
expectorant in bronchial problems .
The infusion and clove water are good vehicle for alkalies
and aromatics.

9. ADULTERANT
• The clove is generally adulterated by exhausted clove,clove fruits ,blown cloves
and clove stalk .
• Mother cloves (anthophylli) are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid,brown
berries ,unilocular and one seeded. This can be detected by the presence of
much starch in the seeds .They also contain volatile oil but only about 3-5%.(
they contains starch )
• Brown cloves are expanded flowers from which both corolla and stamens have
been detached .
• Clove stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite
decussate branching .Externally, they are brownish, rough and irregularly
wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry woody texture.

10. • MARKETED PRODUCT ;
It is one of the ingredients of the preparation known as Himsagar
tail(Dabur).

11. Acorus calamus
-Calamus consist of dried rhizome of Acorus calamus belonging to
family Araceae.
-The plants can be propagated by rhizome either in early spring or
in late autumn,in which the portion of rhizome are planted in
damp,muddy spots,or the margins of water.
-These are also known as Sweet flag ,sweet cane, sweet root
Myrtle grass,calamus rhizome or sweet segg.
- They are found all over the world specially on the banks of
swamps, streamsor ponds of North america., Europe and asia .
- In case of Nepal ,they are found in subtropical to temperate
zones (1200-2700) and 200-2300m in wet and marshy places .

12. CHARACTERISTICS OF ACORUS
CALAMUS
They are semi-aquatic perennial plant which grows
tall of 60-100m.The steams is triangular and sprouts
from ahorizontal ,round rootstock which has the
thickness of a thumb .
The leaves are yellowish green,2-3 feet in
length,oblong ,sword-shaped,tapering into a long
acute point,often undulate on the margins and
arranged in two rows.

13. Cont ..
The rhizome has an intensely aromatic fragrance of
reddish grey in color and a tangy, pungent and bitter
taste wheras flowers are small dioecious shaped
slim.conical spadix .
Fruits are berries,full of mucus which fall when ripe into
the water .

14. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
-The dried rhizome contains about 1.5-3.5%of volatile oil,
starch ,resion (2.5%).
-Volatile oil also contains Asaraldehyde,heptylic ,palmitic
acid,pinene,camphene,sesquiterpene calamine,small
quantity of phenol,methyl eugenol,cilamenenol and
calmeone.
-Asarone
-Eugenol
-Bitter amorphous (acorine)

15. Uses of acorus calamus
-Calamus is an aromatic, bitter stomachic,carminative
appetizer,digestive,spasmolytic,stomach tonic,nervine
sedative and antiperiodic .The volatile oil is aromatic
expectatorant and antiseptic as a flavoring agent in
perfumes .
-The dried root and rhizomes are chewed to relieve
dyspepsia,bronchitis and also chewed to chear the voice.

16. Uses of acorus calamus
Activity
• Antifungal
• Antibacterial
• Antioxidativel/protective effect
• Hypolipidemic
• Antidiabetic
• Antiasthmatic
Active compound or extract
Essential oil, beta asarcone
Essential oil .alpha and beta Asarcone
Ethanolic extract .ethyl acetate abd methanolic
extract ,hydroalcoholic extract and beta-asarcone
Saponins from hydroalcoholic extract ,rhizome
extract ,alpha-asarcone
Ethanolic extract ,calamus extract
Crude extract,rhizome extract

17. TESTS FOR ALKALOIDS
Mayer’s Test: Alkaloids give cream colour
precipitate with Mayer’s reagent.(Potassium
mercuric iodide solution).
Dragendorf’s Test: Alkaloids give reddish brown
precipitate with dragendorf’s reagent.
(Potassium bismuth iodide solution).
Wagner’s Test: Alkaloids give reddish brown
precipitate with Wagner's reagent. (Solution of
Iodine in Potassium Iodide).

18. TESTS FOR
FLAVANOIDS
Phytochemical
constituents
Acorus calamus
a)ALKALOIDS
-Mayer’s test
-Dragondor’s test
- Wagner’s test
b) Flavanoids
-Shinoda’s test
-Alkaline reagent
test
-Ferric chloride
test
+
+
+
+
+
+
Shinoda Test (Magnesium hydrochloride reduction test):
To the test solution add few fragments of magnesium
ribbon and add concentrated hydrochloric acid drop
wise, pink crimson red or occasionally green to blue
colour appears after few minutes.
Alkaline Reagent Test: To the test solution add few drops
of sodium hydroxide solution, formation of an intense
yellow colour which turns to colourless by the addition of
few drops of dilute acetic acid indicate the presence of
flavonoids.
Ferric Chloride Test: To the test solution, add few drops
of ferric chloride solution, intense green colour was formed

19. TEST FOR TANNINS
Ferric Chloride Test: To the test solution, few drops
of ferric chloride test reagent were added. An
intense green, purple, blue or black colour
developed was taken as an evidence for the presence
of tannins.
Lead Acetate Test: To the test solution , a few drops of
10% lead acetate were added. Precipitate was formed,
indicate the presence of tannins

20. MARKETED PRODUCT
It is one of the ingredients of the preparations
known as ABANA,MENTAT,ANXOCARE PAIN
MASSAGE OIL (Himalaya drug company ) and
Mahamarichandi tail,BRAHMA RASAYAN
(Dabur)

21. Lavendula
angustifolia
-Lavender constist of flower bud of lavendula
angustifolia belongs to family labiatae/Lamiaceae.
- The name lavender comes from the Latin root
lavare, which means "to wash.
- ” Lavender is native to the mountainous zones of
the Mediterranean where it grows in sunny, stony
habitats. Today, it flourishes throughout southern
Europe, Australia, and the United States.

22. Characteristics of lavender
Lavender is a heavily branched short shrub that grows to a
height of roughly 60 centimeters (about 24 inches).
Its broad rootstock bears woody branches with upright, rod like,
leafy, green shoots.
A silvery down covers the gray green narrow leaves, which are
oblong and tapered, attached directly at the base, and curled
spirally.
The oil in lavender's small, blue violet flowers gives the herb its
fragrant scent. The flowers are arranged in spirals of 6 to 10
blossoms, forming interrupted spikes above the foliage.

23. PARTS USED
Essential oil is extracted from the fresh flowers of the
lavender plant and used for medicinal purposes.

24. CHEMICAL
CONSTITUENTS
-Lavender (L. angustifolia) contains essential oil The essential oil
consists of over
300 chemical compounds, the main ones are linalool (from 9.3%
to 68.8%)
linalyl acetate (from 1.2% to 59.4%).
- Anthocyanins - phytosterols
-sugars minerals
- coumaric acid - glycolic acid
- valeric acid -ursolic acid
- herniarin, -coumarin and tannins

25. USES OF LAVENDER
-Lavender essential oil may be beneficial in a variety of
conditions, including insomnia, alopecia (hair loss), anxiety,
stress, and postoperative pain.
- Lavender oil is often used in other forms of integrative
medicine, such as massage, acupuncture, and
chiropractic manipulation.
- Aromatherapists use lavender in inhalation therapy to
treat headaches, nervous disorders, and exhaustion.
- Study found that lavender oil may improve pain control
after surgery. Fifty people undergoing breast biopsy
surgery received either oxygen supplemented with
lavender oil

26. Commercial preparations are made from dried flowers and essential oils
of the lavender plant. These preparations are available in the following
forms:
Aromatherapy oil
Bath gels
Extracts
Infusions
Lotions
Soaps
Teas
Tinctures
Whole, dried flowers
Available Forms

27. Identification and
quantification of linalool
The experiment uses the internal standard method with
headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
-Initial experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of the
internal standard method, with the regression analysis of the
internal standard calibration curve having excellent linearity (R2
≥ 0.98) compared to external standard calibration (R2 <
0.50)chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
-Several essential oils were tested, and the quantified
concentrations were typically within 20% of the expected
concentrations from manufacturer data or literature results.

28. MARKETED PRODUCTS
Lavender Infused Oil. ...
Lavender Salve. ...
Lavender Lotion Bars. ...
Lavender Face Cream with Lilacs & Violets. ...
Whipped Lavender Hand Cream & Body Butter. ...
Lavender Honey Hand Scrub. ...
Lavender Soap. ...
Lavender Tincture.

29. THANKYOU