RESEARCH DESIGN

1. RESEARCH DESIGN
MA. ANTONIETTE B. CLEMENTE
Reporter

2. OBJECTIVES
• Define Research Design.
• Discuss the fundamentals of Research Design.
• Distinguish Quantitative and Qualitative Research.

3. What is Research Design?
The design become the basis for determining what
data will be collected, and how they will be analyzed
and interpreted.
A research design is the “blue print” of the study.
It guides the collection, measurement and analysis of
data (Cooper and Schindler, 2001)
It is a plan or course of action which the research
follows in order to answer the research question/s or
solve the research problem (Sanchez, et. Al., 1966).

4. •A good research requires a good
design. The use of an appropriate
design minimizes the occurrence of
error in the conduct of the study and
in the conclusions drawn from the
study.

5. RESEARCH DESIGN
• Kothari (2004) provide the following questions as guidelines for a research in choosing a research
design:
• What is the study about?
• Why is the study being made?
• Where will the study be carried out?
• What type of data is required?
• Where can the required data be found?
• What periods of time will the study include?
• What will be the sample design?
• What techniques of data collection will be used?
• How will the data be analyzed?
• In what style will the report be prepared?

6. Research Design must contain:
• A clear statement of the research problem including a plan that
specifies the sources and types of information relevant to the
research problem.
• Procedures and techniques/ or strategy specifying the approach to
be used for gathering data.
• The population to be studied.
• Methods to be used in processing and analyzing data.
• In choosing a research design, time and costs budgets, should be
considered.

8. Neutrality
• When you set up your study, you may have to
make assumptions about the data you expect to
collect. The results projected in the research
should be free from bias and neutral. Understand
opinions about the final evaluated scores and
conclusions from multiple individuals and consider
those who agree with the derived results.

9. Reliability
• With regularly conducted research, the
researcher involved expects similar results
every time. Your design should indicate
how to form research questions to ensure
the standard of results. You’ll only be able
to reach the expected results if your
design is reliable.

10. Validity
• There are multiple measuring tools
available. However, the only correct
measuring tools are those which help a
researcher in gauging results according
to the objective of the research.
The questionnaire developed from this
design will then be valid.

11. Generalization
• The outcome of your design
should apply to a population and
not just a restricted sample. A
generalized design implies that
your survey can be conducted on
any part of a population with
similar accuracy.

12. TYPES OF
RESEARCH DESIGN

13. Descriptive Research Design
• In a descriptive design, a
researcher is solely interested in
describing the situation or case
under their research study. It is a
theory-based design method
which is created by gathering,
analyzing, and presenting
collected data.

14. Experimental Research Design
• Experimental Research establishes a
relationship between the cause and
effect of a situation. It is a causal
design where one observes the
impact caused by the independent
variable on the dependent variable.

15. Correlational Research Design
• Correlational research is a
non-experimental research
technique that helps
researchers establish a
relationship between two
closely connected
variables.

16. Diagnostic Research Design
• In diagnostic design, the
researcher is looking to
evaluate the underlying cause
of a specific topic or
phenomenon. This method
helps one learn more about
the factors that create
troublesome situations.

17. Explanatory Research Design
• Explanatory design uses a
researcher’s ideas and thoughts
on a subject to further explore
their theories. The research
explains unexplored aspects of a
subject and details about what,
how, and why of research
questions.

18. RESEARCH
STRATEGIES/
APPROACHES

19. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• Qualitative research is defined as a
market research method that focuses
on obtaining data through open-ended
and conversational communication.
• This method is not only about “what”
people think but also “why” they think
so.

20. 1. One-on-one interview:
It is a personal interview that is carried out with one
a time.
2. Focus groups:
A focus group usually includes a limited number of
respondents (6-10) from within your target market.
3. Ethnographic research:
Ethnographic research is the most in-depth observational
method that studies people in their naturally occurring
environment.
4. Case study research:
It is used for explaining an organization or an entity.
5. Record keeping:
This method makes use of the already existing reliable
documents and similar sources of information as the data
source.
6. Process of observation:
Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality
differences.

21. When to use qualitative research
• Researchers make use of qualitative research techniques when they need to
capture accurate, in-depth insights. It is very useful to capture “factual data”.
Here are some examples of when to use qualitative research.
• Developing a new product or generating an idea.
• Studying your product/brand or service to strengthen your marketing strategy.
• To understand your strengths and weaknesses.
• Understanding purchase behavior.
• To study the reactions of your audience to marketing campaigns and other
communications.
• Exploring market demographics, segments, and customer groups.
• Gathering perception data of a brand, company, or product.

22. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
• Quantitative research is defined as a systematic
investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques.
• Quantitative research collects information from
existing and potential customers using sampling
methods and sending out online surveys, online
polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which can be
depicted in the form of numerical.

23. Types of Primary Quantitative Research
1. Survey Research:
Survey Research is the most fundamental tool for all quantitative
outcome research methodologies and studies. Surveys used to ask
questions to a sample of respondents, using various types such as
online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-intercept
surveys, etc.
2. Correlational research:
Correlation research is conducted to establish a
relationship between two closely-knit entities and how one
impacts the other and what are the changes that are
eventually observed.

24. Types of Primary Quantitative Research
3. Causal-comparative research:
• This research method mainly depends on the factor of comparison. Also called
quasi-experimental research, this quantitative research method is used by
researchers to conclude the cause-effect equation between two or more
variables, where one variable is dependent on the other independent variable.
The independent variable is established but not manipulated, and its impact on
the dependent variable is observed. These variables or groups must be formed
as they exist in the natural set up. As the dependent and independent variables
will always exist in a group, it is advised that the conclusions are carefully
established by keeping all the factors in mind.
4. Experimental research:
Also known as true experimentation, this research method is reliant on a
theory. Experimental research, as the name suggests, is usually based on one
or more theories. This theory has not been proven in the past and is merely a
supposition.

25. Secondary Quantitative Research
• Secondary quantitative research or desk research is a research
method that involves using already existing data or secondary
data. Existing data is summarized and collated to increase the
overall effectiveness of research.
• This research method involves the collection of quantitative data
from existing data sources like the internet, government resources,
libraries, research reports, etc. Secondary quantitative research
helps to validate the data that is collected from primary
quantitative research as well as aid in strengthening or proving or
disproving previously collected data.

26. • Following are five popularly used secondary quantitative research
methods:
1. Data available on the internet
2. Government and non-government sources
3. Public libraries
4. Educational institutions
5. Commercial information sources
Secondary Quantitative Research

27. Example of Quantitative Research
• Example of quantitative research is an organization that conducts an
event, collecting feedback from the event attendees about the value
that they see from the event. By using an event survey template, the
organization can collect actionable feedback about satisfaction levels of
customers during various phases of the event such as the sales, pre and
post-event, the likelihood of recommending the organization to their
friends and colleagues, hotel preferences for the future events and other
such questions.

28. Advantages of Quantitative Research
• There are many advantages of quantitative research. Some of the
major advantages of why researchers use this method in market
research are:
• Collect reliable and accurate data
• Quick data collection
• Wider scope of data analysis
• Eliminate bias

29. Attributes Qualitative research methods Quantitative research methods
Analytical objectives
This research method focuses on
describing individual experiences
beliefs.
Quantitative research method
focuses on describing the
characteristics of a population.
Types of questions asked Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions
Data collection Instrument
Use semi-structured methods such
in-depth interviews, focus groups,
and participant observation
Use highly structured methods
as structured observation
using questionnaires and surveys
Form of data produced Descriptive data Numerical data
Degree of flexibility
Participant responses affect how
which questions researchers ask
Participant responses do not
influence or determine how and
which questions researchers ask

30. REFERENCES
• https://www.slideshare.net/TenshiBara/research-design-43547601
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/research-
design/?fbclid=IwAR3uERPbWLOQ1o6Oc_zmuFbmCA8eZ-
faGzANRktf8YzSdSBmMfUtSJrkIS0
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/qualitative-research-methods/
• https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/