Zoo presentation

1. Zoo Vaccination Plan
Rebecca Dixon

2. Vaccines
 Purpose of vaccines is to mimic immune response
 Generally two types of vaccine
 Modified Live Vaccine
 Attenuated pathogens, able to replicate
 Killed Vaccine
 Safer than MLV, don’t replicate

3. Vaccines – pros & cons
 Protects animal from
infection
 Helps prevent spread of
disease in face of outbreak
 Decreases severity of clinical
disease
• Can’t ensure 100% protection
• Vaccine can produce side effects and
rarely anaphylaxis
• Clinical disease can be caused by
vaccination
• Some vaccinations can interfere with
diagnostic tests

4. Marsupials
 Swamp Wallaby: susceptible to clostridium tetani
 Protected by mother’s colostrum
 Vaccinate once out of the pouch - ~8months
 Annual boosters
 Lumpy jaw: fusobacterium necrophorous, actinobacillus bacteria
 Koala:
 Chlamydia spp
 Koala retrovirus

5. Primates
 Clostridium tetani, poliomyelitis virus, measles
 Two options:
 Oral trivalent MLV containing Tetanus, Polio and Diphtheria (3 doses,
2-3 months apart, boost in 3-5yrs) and MLV MMR (12-15 months, boost
4-6yrs) or
 Monovalent vaccines:
 Tetanus – IM 2, 4, 6, 15-18 months, 4-6 years, then every 5 years
 Measles – SC 12-15 months, repeat again between 28 days and 4 years after
 Polio – PO 2, 4, 15-18 months then at 4-6 years
 Rabies – in the face of an outbreak

6. Lagomorpha
 Two diseases to vaccinate against
 Combined vaccine of:
 Killed Viral Haemorrhagic Disease and MLV Myxomatosis
 Can be given from 5 weeks, boosted annually

7. Carnivora
 Felines – Feline herpes virus, feline leukaemia virus, feline
parvovirus
 Same as in cats: 8 weeks, 12 weeks, annual booster
 All MLV
 Others – Canine Adenovirus 2, Canine Distemper, Canine
Parvovirus, Canine Parainfluenza, L. interrogans serovar
canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, grippotyphosa
 Same as in dogs: 8 weeks, 10 weeks, then annual booster
 All MLV

8. Perissodactyla
 Grevy’s Zebra and Kiang
 Clostridium tetani – first at 3-4 months, second a month
later, annual booster
 Equine Herpes virus
 foals to be vaccinated at 3-4 months, then every 4 months
until 1 year old, annual booster
 MLV and KV available
 Equine Viral Arteritis – KV, >9 months, repeat in 3-6
weeks, boost 6-12 months

9. Artiodactyla
 As with cattle, want to vaccinate these animals against the clostridial
spp:
 Perfringens, novyi, septicum, tetani, sordellii, chauvoie
 First at 3-4 months, second 1 month later, annual booster
 Leptospirosis in Vicuna and Suids – in endemic areas
 Cattle vaccine so L. interrogans serovar hardjo
 If high prevalence may require semiannual revaccination
 BVD – in case of outbreak
 Blue tongue – in case of outbreak

10. Aves
 Avian polyomavirus:
 Breeding psittacine birds should get 2 doses 2 weeks apart
 Neonates should receive a dose when >35 days old, boosted in 2-3
weeks
 Canary pox virus:
 For susceptible passerine birds once >4 weeks old, boosted at 6-12
months
 Duck Viral Enteritis:
 Can be administered to waterfowl >2 weeks of age or in face of
outbreak

11. References
 The Merck Veterinary Manual
 European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians – Transmissible Diseases Handbook
 http://www.oie.int/en/international-standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/
 www.hpa.org.uk Public Health England
 http://wildpro.twycrosszoo.org/000ADOBES/Bonobos/D425_PASA_PrimateVetManualSecondEd/3.
12_Vaccination_programmes.pdf
 http://www.msd-animal-health.co.nz/binaries/21471_ISPAH_Covexin10_DL_Farmer_v5_tcm51-
36969.pdf
 http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts-vth/camelids/vax.aspx