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1. EMERGING TRENDS IN IT
UNIT SIX

2. INTRODUCTION
• The information technology industry is experiencing a
boom like never before, and more and more brands are
looking to expand in this area because of the immense
amount of potential
• Information technology has various applications, which
is also why it has proven to be such a beneficial key
component in the entire structure that industries now
have
• With the growing importance of this, it becomes
important to understand the important aspects of this
industry and the key components that make it the
revolutionary tool that it is.

3. INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
TRENDS
Electronic Data Interchange
Infrared Technology
Cloud Computing
Mobile Apps
Big Data Analytics
Automation
AR and VR

4. ELECTRONIC
DATA
INTERCHANGE,
• Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the computer-
to-computer exchange of business documents in
a standard electronic format between business
partners.
• By moving from a paper-based exchange of
business document to one that is electronic,
businesses enjoy major benefits such as reduced
cost, increased processing speed, reduced errors
and improved relationships with business
partners.

5. COMPUTER-TO-COMPUTER

6. COMPUTER-TO-
COMPUTER
• Computer-to-computer EDI replaces postal mail,
fax and email. While email is also an electronic
approach, the documents exchanged via email
must still be handled by people rather than
computers.

7. HOW DOES EDI WORK
• Step 1: Prepare the documents to
be sent
• Step 2: Translate the documents
into EDI format
• Step 3: Connect and Transmit
your EDI documents to your
business partner

8. INFRARED
TECHNOLOGY
• IR wireless is the use of wireless technology in
devices or systems that convey data through infrared
(IR) radiation.
• Infrared is electromagnetic energy at
a wavelength or wavelengths somewhat longer than
those of red light.
• The shortest-wavelength IR borders visiblered in the
electromagnetic radiation spectrum;the longest-
wavelength IR borders radio waves
• IR wireless is used for short- and medium-range
communications andcontrol. Some systems operate
in line-of-sight mode; this means that theremust be
a visually unobstructed straight line through space
between the transmitter(source) and receiver
(destination).

9. HOW IR TECHNOLOGY WORKS

10. APPLICATIONS
OF IR
TECHNOLOGY
• Proximity Sensor
• Item Counter
• Burglar Alarm
• Radiation Thermometers
• Human Body Detection
• Gas Analyzers
• Other Applications

11. ADVANTAGES
OF IR SENSORS
Their low power requirements make them suitable for
most electronic devices such as laptops, telephones, PDAs.
They are capable of detecting motion in presence/
absence of light almost with same reliability.
They do not require contact with object to for detection.
There is no leakage of data due to beam directionality IR
radiation.
They are not affected by corrosion or oxidation.
They have very strong noise immunity.

12. BLUETOOTH
• Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that can
be used for close-range data transmission from one digital
device to another. Bluetooth is essentially a one-to-one
wireless connection that uses 2.4 GHz-band radio waves.
• For two devices to connect using Bluetooth, both devices
must support the same profile. If the devices support
different profiles, they cannot be connected.
Check the specifications of the devices for their supported
profiles.
• When connecting Bluetooth devices for the first time,
registration is required. This process is called pairing.
For details on operation method, refer to the manual
supplied with the product.

13. HOW DOES
BLUETOOTH
WORKS
• Bluetooth uses radio waves instead of wires or cables to
transmit information between electronic devices over
short-distances.
• he radio waves Bluetooth products use are 1000 times
weaker and only travel small distances between the two
communicating devices, usually 10 feet or less.
• When Bluetooth-enabled devices are close enough, they
can connect with each other through a tiny computer chip
inside them that emits the special Bluetooth radio waves.
• the communication between the two Bluetooth devices
happens over a short-range network called a piconet (pico
means really really small in the metric system).
• Piconets are established automatically. So once you have a
device, like your keyboard, installed and in range of the
piconet, it will automatically connect.

14. BLUETOOTH
APPLICATIONS
• laptops, notebooks and wireless PCs
• mobile phones and PDAs (personal digital assistant)
• printers
• wireless headsets
• wireless PANs (personal area networks) and even
LANs (local area networks)
• transfer data files, videos, and images and MP3 or
MP4
• wireless peripheral devices like mouse and keyboards
• data logging equipment
• the short-range transmission of data from sensors
devices to sensor nodes like mobile phones

15. ADVANTAGES OF BLUETOOTH
• It avoids interference from other wireless devices.
• It has lower power consumption.
• It is easily upgradeable.
• It has range better than Infrared communication.
• The Bluetooth is used for voice and data transfer.
• Bluetooth devices are available at very cheap cost.
• No line of sight hence can connect through any obstacles.
• Free to use if the device is installed with Bluetooth.
• The technology is adopted in many products such as head set, in car system, printer, web cam, GPS system, keyboard
and mouse.

16. GSM -
GLOBAL SYSTEM
FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION
• It is a digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services
• The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based
mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories in the
early 1970s.
• GSM is the most widely accepted standard in
telecommunications and it is implemented
globally.
• GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data
services including roaming service. Roaming is the
ability to use your GSM phone number in another
GSM network.

17. WHY GSM
• Improved spectrum efficiency
• International roaming
• Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
• High-quality speech
• Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) and other telephone company
services
• Support for new services

18. GSM ARCHITECTURE

19. GSM
ARCHITECTURE
The GSM network can be broadly divided into −
• The Mobile Station (MS)
• The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• The Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)
• The Operation Support Subsystem (OSS)

20. GSM
SPECIFICATION
• Modulation
• Access Methods
• Transmission Rate
• Frequency Band
• Channel Spacing
• Speech Coding
• Duplex Distance
• Misc

21. GSM SERVICES
GSM offers three basic types of
services −
• Telephony services or
teleservices
• Data services or bearer services
• Supplementary services

22. WIFI
• Wi-Fi is the wireless technology used to
connect computers, tablets, smartphones and
other devices to the internet.
• Wi-Fi is the radio signal sent from a wireless
router to a nearby device, which translates the
signal into data you can see and use. The device
transmits a radio signal back to the router, which
connects to the internet by wire or cable.
• Wi-Fi uses multiple parts of the IEEE
802 protocol family and is designed to interwork
seamlessly with its wired sibling, Ethernet.

23. WHAT IS A WI-FI
NETWORK?
WIFI STANDS
FOR
• A WiFi network is simply an internet connection that’s
shared with multiple devices in a home or business via a
wireless router.
• The router is connected directly to your internet modem
and acts as a hub to broadcast the internet signal to all
your Wi-Fi enabled devices.
• This gives you flexibility to stay connected to the internet
as long as you’re within your network coverage area.
• Ironically, it doesn’t stand for anything. Wi-Fi, often referred
to as WiFi, wifi, wi-fi or wi fi, is often thought to be short
for Wireless Fidelity but there is no such thing. The term
was created by a marketing firm because the wireless
industry was looking for a user-friendly name to refer to
some not so user-friendly technology known as IEEE
802.11. And the name stuck.

24. HOW DOES WI-FI WORK?
• Wi-Fi uses radio waves to transmit data from your wireless router to your Wi-Fi
enabled devices like your TV, smartphone, tablet and computer.
• Because they communicate with each other over airwaves, your devices and
personal information can become vulnerable to hackers, cyber-attacks and other
threats.
• This is especially true when you connect to a public Wi-Fi network at places like a
coffee shop or airport.
• When possible, it’s best to connect to a wireless network that is password-
protected or a personal hotspot.

25. TYPES OF WIFI
CONNECTION
• Wireline/router
• Mobile hotspot or jetpack
• 4G LTE Home Internet
• 5G Home Internet

26. STANDARDS
OF WIFI
• Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity, and it is developed by an
organization called IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) they set standards for the Wi-Fi
system.
• Each Wi-Fi network standard has two parameters :
• Speed –
This is the data transfer rate of the network measured in
Mbps (1 megabit per second).
• Frequency –
On what radio frequency, the network is carried on. Two
bands of frequency for the Wi-Fi are 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. In
short, it is the frequency of radio wave that carries data.
• Two Frequencies of Wi-Fi signal :
Wi-Fi routers that come with 2.4 GHz or5 GHz are called
the single-band routers but a lot of new routers support
both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency they are called dual-
band routers.

27. DIFFERENT STANDARDS OF WI-FI
Version Introduced in Frequency band used Maximum speed provided
IEEE 802.11a 1999 5 GHz 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11b 1999 2.4 GHz 11 Mbps
IEEE 802.11g 2003 2.4 GHz 54 Mbps
IEEE 802.11n 2009 Both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz 600 Mbps
IEEE 802.11ac 2013 5 GHz 1.3 Gbps
IEEE 802.11ax 2019 Both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Up to 10 Gbps

28. WIMAX
• Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.
• Based on Wireless MAN technology.
• A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a
wide area.
• A scalable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary
broadband networks.
• A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE
802.16 or compatible standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops
standards that address two types of usage models −
• A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).
• A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).

29. WHAT IS
802.16A ?
WiMAX is such an easy term that people tend to use
it for the 802.16 standards and technology
themselves, although strictly it applies only to
systems that meet specific conformance criteria laid
down by the WiMAX Forum.
The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless
metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that
will provide broadband wireless connectivity to
Fixed, Portable and Nomadic devices.
It can be used to connect 802.11 hot spots to the
Internet, provide campus connectivity, and provide
a wireless alternative to cable and DSL for last mile
broadband access.

30. WHY WIMAX
• WiMAX can satisfy a variety of access needs. Potential applications include extending broadband capabilities to bring
them closer to subscribers, filling gaps in cable, DSL and T1 services, WiFi, and cellular backhaul, providing last-100
meter access from fibre to the curb and giving service providers another cost-effective option for supporting
broadband services.
• WiMAX can support very high bandwidth solutions where large spectrum deployments (i.e. >10 MHz) are desired
using existing infrastructure keeping costs down while delivering the bandwidth needed to support a full range of
high-value multimedia services.
• WiMAX can help service providers meet many of the challenges they face due to increasing customer demands
without discarding their existing infrastructure investments because it has the ability to seamlessly interoperate
across various network types.
• WiMAX can provide wide area coverage and quality of service capabilities for applications ranging from real-time
delay-sensitive voice-over-IP (VoIP) to real-time streaming video and non-real-time downloads, ensuring that
subscribers obtain the performance they expect for all types of communications.

31. Freature WiMax
(802.16a)
Wi-Fi
(802.11b)
Wi-Fi
(802.11a/g)
Primary
Application
Broadband Wireless
Access
Wireless LAN Wireless LAN
Frequency Band Licensed/Unlicensed
2 G to 11 GHz
2.4 GHz ISM 2.4 GHz ISM (g)
5 GHz U-NII (a)
Channel
Bandwidth
Adjustable
1.25 M to 20 MHz
25 MHz 20 MHz
Half/Full Duplex Full Half Half
Radio Technology OFDM
(256-channels)
Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum
OFDM
(64-channels)
Bandwidth
Efficiency
<=5 bps/Hz <=0.44 bps/Hz <=2.7 bps/Hz
Modulation BPSK, QPSK,
16-, 64-, 256-QAM
QPSK BPSK, QPSK,
16-, 64-QAM
FEC Convolutional Code
Reed-Solomon
None Convolutional Code
Encryption Mandatory- 3DES
Optional- AES
Optional- RC4
(AES in 802.11i)
Optional- RC4
(AES in 802.11i)
Mobility Mobile WiMax
(802.16e)
In development In development
Mesh Yes Vendor
Proprietary
Vendor Proprietary
Access Protocol Request/Grant CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

32. 5G WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
• 5G is the fifth generation of wireless technology
• It can provide higher speed, lower latency and
greater capacity than 4G LTE networks. It is one of
the fastest, most robust technologies the world
has ever seen.
• That means quicker downloads, much lower lag
and a significant impact on how we live, work and
play.
• The move to 5G is to give consumers and
businesses a faster, more responsive and overall
more powerful experience

33. HOW DOES
5G WORKS
• Like other cellular networks, 5G uses radio
frequencies that ride over spectrum to send data.
But 5G networks can run on any frequency,
including the “high-band,” short-range airwaves.
• Verizon’s 5G network is built using three different
bands of spectrum—low-band, mid-band and
high-band. 5G Nationwide uses the low-band
spectrum and high-performance 5G Ultra
Wideband uses a combination of mid-band and
high-band spectrum.

34. WHAT IS C BAND
• C-Band is a mid-band wireless spectrum that is
now part of Verizon’s 5G Ultra Wideband network.
• C-band spectrum provides a valuable middle
ground between capacity and coverage for 5G
networks, and takes advantage of 5G speed while
expanding mobility, home broadband and
business internet solutions to millions of
customers.

35. ADVANTAGES OF 5G
• Greater speed in transmissions
• Lower latency
• Greater number of connected devices
• Network slicing