1. Solar System 05: The Terrestrial Planets

4. Mercury Data http://www.vegaattractions.com/images/1mercury.gif Surface Gravity if Earth = 1 0.38 Planet Symbol Mass if Earth = 1 0.055 Length of Day 58.65 Earth days Diameter if Earth = 1 0.38 Length of Year (revolution around the sun) 87.97 Earth days Diameter at the Equator 3,031 miles Moons None Mean Distance from the sun 36,000,000 miles 0.4 AU

5. Mercury is only Slightly Larger than the Moon MERCURY OUR MOON

9. Phases of Inferior Planets http://www.polaris.iastate.edu/EveningStar/Unit1/Graphics/PicES1_6c.gif http://astromm.calstatela.edu/images/planets/larousse/Me_Phases.jpg Telescope sketches of Mercury Orbit of an inferior planet

11. Planetary Eccentricities Which “planet” is most eccentric?

12. Mercury’s Lobsided Orbit www.astro.lsa.umich.edu/.../ mercury_layers.jpg Mercury’s Perihelion

15. Impact craters on Mercury have similar features to those on the Moon. CRATERS ON BOTH MERCURY AND THE MOON HAVE RINGS OF MOUNTAINS SURROUNDING THEM MERCURY OUR MOON Jumbled hills surrounding the Caloris Impact Basin

16. Mercury also has numerous long cliffs, called scarps, believed to have formed when the planet cooled

20. Discovery Scarp

21. Shakespeare quadrangle of Mercury http://www.hollowaypages.com/images/CHANDOS2.jpg

22. Caloris Basin & Antipodal, Jumbled Terrain, Mercury

24. Mercury’s iron core takes up a much larger percentage its volume than that of Earth.

27. Mariner 10’s Mercury (all images) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/mission_index.html#Mariner_10

30. Ice on Mercury? homepage.smc.edu/.../ MERCURY/polar_ice.jpg White patches in the right image may represent deposits of ice at Mercury’s south pole

32. Mercury’s Precession http://scholar.uwinnipeg.ca/courses/38/4500.6-001/Cosmology/general_relativity.htm http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/einstein_clerk_big.gif Perihelion position

35. May 2003 Transit of Mercury

36. Nov 2006 Transit of Mercury Where’s Mercury?

40. Cuneiform Mercury Tablet, Roman Statue of Mercury www.gwydir.demon.co.uk

42. Venus Data http://www.vegaattractions.com/images/1venus.gif Surface Gravity if Earth = 1 0.91 Planet Symbol Mass if Earth = 1 0.815 Length of Day 243.01 Earth days Diameter if Earth = 1 0.95 Length of Year (revolution around the sun) 224.70 Earth days Diameter at the Equator 7,521 miles Moons 0 Mean Distance from the sun 67,200,000 miles 0.72 AU

46. Venus as Evening Star Venus as an evening star in the western sky after sunset

47. Venus as Morning Star Venus as a morning star in the eastern sky before sunrise

48. Changing Positions of Venus, Mercury http://www.nmm.ac.uk/upload/img/mv-orbit.jpg

49. Evening Star: Venus and Moon http://www.russellsastronomy.com/sky/April-June%20Planets.htm

52. Venus Phases, Earth and Sun Centered http://r2d2.stcloudstate.edu/~womack/astr/galileo/venuscop.jpg

53. Phases of Venus ( Click Here ) http://www.robertsilvey.com/notes/Venus02t.jpg

58. Venus’s Retrograde Rotation http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/ask_retrograde_sm.jpg

60. Earth’s Sister World http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/images/venus_and_earth.jpg

63. The Clouds of Venus Venus is covered with a dense layer of clouds that hides its surface. Unlike the benign water vapor clouds on Earth, these clouds contain large amounts of sulfur dust and sulfur compounds, giving them a yellow-orange color. The clouds on Venus are made of concentrated sulfuric acid.

65. Mariner’s Venus http://www.solarviews.com/browse/venus/venusmar.jpg 1962

66. Venus’s Surface, courtesy of Venera Edge of Venera Lander

67. This image of the Venusian surface from the Soviet spacecraft Venera 13 shows rock plates which are possibly fractured lava. Unfortunately, this craft was destroyed by the intense pressure and extreme temperatures on the Venusian surface.

68. Magellan’s Venus http://cseligman.com/text/planets/venus/magellan.jpg

69. The Magellan spacecraft, in an orbit around Venus, was able to “see through” the thick clouds using radar, giving us the best view of our sister planet.

70. This false color map of Venus, equivalent to a topographical map of Earth, shows the large-scale surface features of the planet.

71. A global view of Venus using radar images from the Magellan spacecraft The craters found on Venus tend to be in clusters. This suggests that they were formed from a large single piece of falling debris that was broken up by the Venusian atmosphere.

74. 3D Venus Map http://masa-p3-rw.hp.infoseek.co.jp/planet/venus_3dmap02.jpg Terras

75. Magellan Global Views http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-venus.html

76. Venus Volcanism (all images) http://nineplanets.edu

77. Unusual Volcanism, Pancake Domes

78. Corona and Arachnoid

80. June 2004 Transit of Venus http://www.astrosurf.org/lombry/Documents/transit-venus-8juin2004-3d-contact-anim-furlanetto.gif http://www.atmob.org/Photo/venus_2004/venus%20transit%208.JPG Click on Link:

81. Transits of Venus 8 June 9, 2255 122 June 11, 2247 8 December 8, 2125 105 December 11, 2117 8 June 6, 2012 June 8, 2004 Separation in Years Transit Dates

87. Goddess Ishtar http://www.unige.ch/lettres/antic/mesopotamie/ishtar.jpg Left: Bust of Ishtar, Right: Cylinder seal depiction of Ishtar in the underworld

89. Maya Venus, Dresden Codex http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Diagrams/Dresden.jpeg Maya depiction of Quetzecoatl (left); Dresden Codex (right)

92. Paradise Lost http://www.clt.astate.edu/wnarey/Honors%20Seminars_files/Horror/summar3.jpg http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lina0897/emwo/images/big/PARADISE_LOST.jpg

93. Mars Data http://www.vegaattractions.com/astrology/symbols.html Surface Gravity if Earth = 1 0.38 Planet Symbol (draw) Mass if Earth = 1 0.107 Length of Day 24 hr. 37 min. 22.6 sec. Diameter if Earth = 1 0.53 Length of Year (revolution around the sun) 686.98 Earth days Diameter at the Equator 4,217 miles Moons 2 Mean Distance from the sun 141,500,000 miles AU

98. Mariner 4 : No Canals (1965) http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/MPF/martianchronicle/martianchron2/issue2images/mariner4photo.jpeg

99. Viking (1976) http://www.hypography.com/bilder/viking_on_mars.jpg Viking’s robotic arm (below) collected soil samples to test for life

100. Pathfinder (1997) http://users.bigpond.net.au/Nick/Mars/Pathfinder.jpg

101. Pathfinder (Mars or Arizona?) http://anw.com/mars/images/widescene.jpg

103. Mars Missions

106. Mars Dust Storm

107. Although it is sometimes blue, the Martian sky generally takes on a rust color because of dust particles blown into the atmosphere by strong winds. Sunset on Mars

109. Mars is tilted on its axis by 25.19  (nearly the same as Earth) and has seasons. Martian Seasons Large ice cap made mostly of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice) The dry ice melts, leaving a much smaller polar cap

110. High winds create dust devils on the Martian surface. A DUST DEVIL FROM ABOVE DARK STREAKS SHOW THE PATH OF DUST DEVILS

113. The Martian terrain includes broad towering volcanoes, vast windswept plains, and enormous canyons. Valles Marineris is a vast canyon stretchimg over about one-fifth the circumference of Mars.

114. Vallis Marineris (Viking)

115. Mars also has volcanoes. The largest of these is Olympus Mons. It covers an area the size of Missouri and rises three times higher than Mount Everest.

116. Tharsis Region Olympus Mons & clouds

117. Olympus Mons http://www.physast.uga.edu/~jss/1010/ch10/mtoly.jpg

119. Impact Craters on Mars Most of these craters are found in the Southern Hemisphere, suggesting that the northern vastness has been resurfaced.

121. The winding canyons found on the Martian surface are similar to those found in river beds on Earth, suggesting that liquid water once flowed on Mars. Martian winding canyon, photographed by the Viking orbiter The Yangtze River in China has similar features

122. Surface features believed to be ancient waterways An ancient lake A dried riverbed Sedimentation

123. Layers of rock laid down by water Hemetite black rocks, usually formed in water Gullies in crater walls

124. Nirgal Vallis, possible river valley http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast05jan_1.htm

125. Sedimentary Layers from Water http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/images/mars_water/sediments.jpg

127. Martian Ice

128. Mars has been the Center of Speculation about Extraterrestrial Life Early telescope images showed features which were perceived as irrigation canals. People feared an attack from Mars, like this one portrayed in “The War of the Worlds.”

130. Lowell’s Canals http://www.nasm.si.edu/research/ceps/etp/mars/marsimg/mars_lowellglobe.jpg http://www.hencoup.com/Lowells%20Mars%20with%20canals.jpg Lowell’s “canal” network Percival Lowell

131. Lowell Observatory, Arizona http://www.theskyscrapers.org/stuff/contentmgr/files/61edba02500313dcb0e1f6b80940c8af/large/pict1246.jpg CW from Left : Lowell’s Telescope; Lowell canal sketch; Lowell; Lowell’s Mausoleum http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~c88/Clark_1.jpg

133. Viking Lander

134. Viking Life Experiment Trenches http://www.physics.uc.edu/~hanson/ASTRO/LECTURENOTES/ET/Earth/VikingMarsBig.jpg

135. Meteorite from Mars! http://www.universetoday.com/am/uploads/meteorite.jpg http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns/cms/dn8004/dn8004-1_440.jpg

136. Bacteria from Mars? (ALH84001) http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi/meteorites/Photomicrograph.gif

138. Phobos & Deimos http://www.sarkanniemi.fi/oppimateriaali/tahtiakatemia/kuvat/aurinkokunta/deimos_phobos.jpg http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pgj/phobos-deimos-061105.gif

144. Viking’s Face on Mars (1976) http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/images%5Cface_mars.jpg

145. Mars Global Surveyor Face (2001) http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mgs/msss/camera/images/moc_5_24_01/face/ “ Face” the truth, Mr. Hoagland http://www.sg.hu/kep/2004_03/0322mars1.jpg