2. Corrupt governments in both empires
Infighting among political elites
Empires too large in area to manage
Invasions from hostile nomadic tribes
3.
4. Council of Nicaea: sets basic tenets of Christianity
Eastern Orthodoxy develops after the schism
between that church and the Catholic Church
Church develops in power during the Middle Ages
in Europe
5. Middle Ages seen as the “Age of Faith”
Missionaries spread Christianity
Shared beliefs in Christianity bond the people of
medieval Europe
Church provided stability and security in times of
frequent wars
At the local level, the church was the religious and social
center. People met there for service, and social gatherings
Performed social services such as caring for the sick and
the poor.
The Church operated most hospitals in medieval Europe.
6. 2 Empires (Rome/Byzantine); 2 Popes
Christian Church splits over…
use of leaven or unleavened bread
Power of the Pope and Rome’s role
Excommunicated each other
7.
8. Authority of the pope as head of the Church
challenged by…
John Wycliffe, who believes that God is sole
authority,
Jan Huss, who believes the authority of the Bible is
higher than the pope’s authority.
Beginning of challenges to the authority of the Catholic
Church that leads to the Reformation.
9.
10. Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodoxy
• Strict hierarchy • Patriarch and other
• Latin bishops lead the church as
a collective group
• Priests celibate
• Services conducted in
• No divorces; only Greek or local languages
annulments • Priests may marry
• Divorce is allowed under
certain circumstances
11. Constantine relocates the capital of the Eastern
Roman Empire to Byzantium and renames it
Constantinople
Justinian constructs the Hagia Sophia (pronounced
ay-uh Sophia) along with numerous other grand
churches throughout his empire to show the close
connection between church and state
Missionary Saints Cyril and Methodius
Christianize Slavs to the north of the empire and
develop the Cyrillic language to promote religion
to the Slavs
12. Authority in medieval Europe based on the
Church
Charlemagne
crowned emperor by Pope Leo III
shows the close connection between church and state
Creates the Holy Roman Empire
Links Church and government
Church creates a system of justice, canon
law, to regulate people’s conduct
13. Reciprocal military obligations between
members of the warrior nobility in Medieval
Europe
Lords grant parcels of land known as fiefs to lesser
knights who are known as vassals, who in
turn, provide military service to the lord. Chivalry
and fealty between a lord and the vassal relationship
Contributing factors
-Fall of the Roman Empire leaves a gap in protection
and services to people
-invaders (Muslims & Vikings) overrun
communities, people turn to lords for their protection
14. Manorialism – Smallest economic, social unit
revolving around an estate, controlled by a lord, who
gives land and protection to his serfs, who in turn give
him their services.
Land = wealth
Characteristics – Manors were self-sufficient where serfs raised
and produced nearly everything needed for that community.
The open field system allowed several families of serfs to farm
strips of the same parcel of land. Living conditions for serfs
were generally harsh on manors.
Contributing factors – Model of villas in the Roman
Empire used to manage rural economies; decline in
overland and sea trade after the fall of the Roman
Empire
15. Magna Carta
1215
Political ideas – Limited power of the nobility
Legal ideas – No one is above the law
Thomas Aquinas: (1225-1274)
Truth is known through reason and faith
16. Moors (Muslims from North Africa) occupy Spain
for over 700 years and promote a golden age in art,
literature, science, and mathematics
Defeat by the Franks at Tours in 732 stops the
Muslim invasion of Europe
Preserve Roman/Greek knowledge and advance
mathematics and science
Reconquista drives out the Muslims in the late
1400s
Inquisition in Spain leads to torture and expulsion
of Muslims and Jew
17.
18. Nine official Crusades in to the Middle East
Recapture Jerusalem
Pope told Christians its ok to kill non-Christians
Pogroms against Jews and Orthodox too
Casualties weakened the feudal nobility
Impacts
Failure lessened the power of the Pope
Mistrust of West by Muslims
Trade in spices and other goods from Southwest
Asia lead to European desire for new trade routes
Desire for spice begins the Era of Exploration
19. 1348-50
Bubonic plague brought from China on trade ships
Fleas on rats
Most devastating pandemic in human history
Wiped out 30-60 of Europe’s population
World population went from 450 to 350-375 million
Social Impacts
Collapse of manorial system as productivity ends and serfs
leave in search of work; peasant
Rebellions grow in response to nobles’ refusal to increase
wages
Church loses prestige as it is unable to stop the plague
through prayer and intervention
20.
21.
22. Emergence of nationalism and monarchs as
national leaders in England and France
Instability in England after the Hundred Years
War leads to the War of the Roses, which
strengthens Parliament since it is called
frequently by King Edward III to increase taxes
to finance this new war
Democracy advanced as Parliament gains
greater “power of the purse”