Research

1. What is Research

2. Research
The term research comprises of two words “re” and “search”.
There is a general agreement that research is:
1. Is a process of inquiry and investigation.
2. Systematic and methodical.
3. Increase knowledge,

3. Research Objectives
• Gain familiarity with a new phenomenon or develop new sight into a
phenomenon.
• Review and synthesize the existing knowledge.
• To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or group.
• Generate new knowledge.
• Explore & analyze more general issues.

4. Characteristics of Research
• Objectivity- research without bias.
• Reliability- it means consistency.
• Validity- stands for accuracy of procedure, research instrument, test.
• Accuracy-degree to which research process, instruments & tools are
related to each other.
• Generalizability-degree to which research findings can be applied to
larger population.
• Systematic.
• Replicable.

5. Types of Research
A. On the basis of objectives
1. Exploratory- explore (collect data from the field).
2. Descriptive- describing the explored events (case study).
3. Correlational – relationship between two variables, not cause &
effect relationship (Variables are only observed with no manipulation;
you cannot control variables).
4. Experimental- experiment (controlled environment ; DV, IV).
5. Explanatory- explain why things happen

6. B. On the basis of Outcome or Classification
1. Fundamental Research: Basic research, also called pure research , is
a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific
theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other
phenomena. It does not usually generate findings that have
immediate applications in a practical level.
2. Applied Research: Applied research is designed to answer specific
questions aimed at solving practical problems. New knowledge
acquired from applied research has specific commercial objectives
in the form of products, procedures or services. Fundamental
research answers the initial question of how things work.

7. C. On the basis of logic
• Deductive Reasoning: Aims to test an existing theory. Deductive
reasoning moves from generalization to specific observations.
Deductive approach usually begin with a theory-driven hypotheses,
which guide data collection and analysis
• Inductive Reasoning: Aims to develop a theory.
Inductive reasoning moves from specific observations to broad
generalizations.
Inductive research begins with a research question and the collection
of empirical data which are used to generate hypotheses and theory.
Observation…..Pattern….Tentative hypotheses…..Theory

8. D. On the basis of process
• Quantitative Research: deals with number and statistics. It allow you
to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses.
• Qualitative Research: deals with words and meanings. It allow you to
explore concepts and experience in detail.

9. Methods of Qualitative research Methods of quantitative research
Focus group Telephone survey
In-depth Interview Web survey
Photo Ethnography Hybrid method

10. Qualitative VS Quantitative
Meaning:
An inquiry conducted to develop insight on human
behavior i.e. to discover the way people think and feel
An empirical research used to generate measurable data,
by employing statistical & Logical technique.
Deals With:
Feelings, attitude, opinions & thoughts of human being Hard facts & statistical data.
Objective:
To explore & discover ideas used in the ongoing processes To examine cause & effect relationship between variable.
Sampling:
Purposive Random
Research type:
Exploratory Conclusive(test hypothesis)
Reasoning:
Inductive (theory building) Deductive (theory testing)

11. Qualitative VS Quantitative
Data Collected:
Verbal or Narrative Numerical data
Approach:
Subjective Objective
Used:
Develops initial understanding Recommends final course of action