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1. Strategies of Inquiry

2. Qualitative Strategies
 Phenomenology
 Ethnography
 Case study
 Grounded Theory

3. Phenomenology
 Research Purpose: To describe one or more individuals’ experiences of
a phenomenon (e.g., the experience of the death of a loved one)
 Origin: Philosophy
 Primary Data-Collection Method: In-depth interviews with up to 10–15
people
 Data Analysis Approach: List significant statements, determine
meaning of statements, and identify the essence of the phenomenon
 Narrative Report Focus: Rich description of the essential or invariant
structures (i.e., the common characteristics, or essences) of the
experience

4. Ethnography
 Research Purpose: To describe the cultural characteristics of
a group of people and to describe cultural scenes.
 Origin: Anthropology.
 Primary Data Collection Method: Participant observation
over an extended period of time (e.g., one month to a year).
Interviews with informants.
 Data Analysis Approach: Holistic description and search for
cultural themes in data.
 Narrative Report Focus: Rich description of context and
cultural themes.

5. Case Study
 Research Purpose: To describe one or more cases in-depth
and address the research questions and issues
 Origin: Multidisciplinary roots, including business, law,
social sciences, medicine, and education.
 Primary Data Collection Method: Multiple methods are
used (e.g., interviews, observations, documents).
 Data Analysis Approach: Holistic description and search for
themes shedding light on the case. May also include cross-
case analysis
 Narrative Report Focus: Rich description of the context
and operation of the case or cases. Discussion of themes,
issues, and implications.

6. Grounded Theory
 Research Purpose: To inductively generate a
grounded theory describing and explaining a
phenomenon.
 Origin: Sociology
 Primary Data Collection Method: Interviews with 20–
30 people. Observations are also frequently used.
 Data Analysis Approach: Begin with open coding, then
axial coding, and end with selective coding.
 Narrative Report Focus: Description of topic and
people being studied. End with a presentation of the
grounded theory. May also list propositions

7. Quantitative Strategies
 Experimental Research
 Non-Experimental/ Survey

8. Experimental Research
 Research Purpose: it determines if a specific
treatment influences an outcome.
 This impact is assessed by providing a specific
treatment to one group and withholding it
from other and then determine how both
groups scored on an outcome.
True experiment-random design
Quasi-experiment-non-random design

9. Survey Research
 Research Purpose: to provide a numeric
description of trends, attitudes, or opinions
of a population by studying a sample of that
population; to generalize from a sample to a
population
 Data Collection Method: Structured
questionnaires and interviews

10. Mixed Method Strategies
 Convergent/ Concurrent Design
 Explanatory Sequential Strategy
 Exploratory Sequential Strategy

11. 3. Combining and integrating both sets of data
 1-Convergent Design

12. 2- Explanatory Sequential Design

13. 3- Exploratory Sequential Design

14. Research Methods
 Research Question
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
 Interpretation