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Semelhante a San Pedro Biology review
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San Pedro Biology review
- 1. Living Organisms Characterizing and classifying them
- 2. History of life • Earth = 1st life on earth began as single-celled prokaryotes .Bacteria! Isua Sediments …What are they? Why are they important? 3.8 billion year old rock (not fossils) 3.5 billion, BILLION years ago – Western Australia 1st life forms found in fossils
- 4. Biology The study of life, and living things. Branches of Biology • Zoology – The scientific study of animals • Herpetology – Reptiles and Amphibians • Ornithology – Birds • Ichthyology - Fish • Mammalogy – Mammals
- 5. Snakes
- 6. Defining a living organism (ringer) • Respire – Respiration provides energy • Irritability – Respond to their environment • Nourish - They feed themselves. (food and water) • Grow – The anterior processes allow them to develop • Excrete – Removal of unnecessary products • Reproduce – Ability to produce new young Cells and the fact that living organisms use energy are important too
- 7. organization Variation, natural selection and evolution Classification: The organized placement of animals into categories based on physical & genetic characteristics. Taxonomy: Branch of science concerned with classification.
- 8. Classification • Kingdom • 1.Monera (Bacteria) 2.Protista 3.Fungi 4.Plantae 5.Animalia • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Phillip Came Over From Good Spain!
- 9. Binomial Nomenclature • Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) Two-name classification system Two latin names (Genus, species) In italics Genus (first letter always capitalized) species is always represented in lowercase ex. Vicugna pacos
- 10. Monera (Bacteria & Viruses) • Bacteria are single-celled living organisms • Fun fact: They have no true nucleus, no organelles, have cell membrane and cell wall • Parasitic vs. saprotrophic (some photosynthesize) Binary fission – when living requirements are met Virus Controversy – Are they really alive? Answer is: Most sources do not consider them living Why? Their Importance: • Pathogens – disease causing • Factors in nutrient cycles like the Nitrogen and Carbon Cycle • Serve as healthy bacteria in our stomachs • Food production (Yogurt, cheese, etc)
- 11. Diplococci (pneumonia) Bacillus (typhoid) Spirochete (syphilis, cholera) Staphilococcus (bo
- 12. Protista • Eukaryotes (contain membrane-bound organelles) • Amoebas, algae, paramecia, kelp (seaweed) • Some single-celled, others multi-cellular • Very simple beings. Some of the first living eukaryotes
- 13. Fungi • Structure and function – • Wide variety of sizes. Contain cell walls, cytoplasm, organelles. • Saprotrophic feeding (They are DECOMPOSERS) • Environment: moist, warm, nutrient-rich, dark Reproduction: Either by binary fission (duplication) but more commonly found reproducing by production of spores (unit of Asexual Reprod.) No Photosynthesis
- 14. Plants Kingdom: Plantae (4 main groups) Algae (also protist), Mosses, Ferns, and Seed plants Autotrophs – Producer of nutritional, organic substances Algae Mosses
- 15. Plants Ferns Seed Plants Angiosperms (flower-bearing) vs. Gymnosperms (seed- bearing) Conifers
- 16. Invertebrates 4 Phyla (groups) – handouts for HW1 due 28/10/15 1. Nematoda (nematodes) – Nematodes, hookworms Often parasitic, soft-bodied, no segments, wriggle to move 2. Annelida (annelids) – roundworms, earthworms Decomposers, hard-bodied, segmented, move with chaetae 3. Mollusca (molluscs) – Snails, mussels, octupus and chiton Primarily herbivorous, soft-bodied (hard shell), no segments, swim or move by foot 4. Arthropoda – Insects, crustacea, myriapods, arachnids Most numerous, chitinous exoskeleton, paired appendages and bilateral
- 17. Nematoda Also referred to as roundworms The most numerous multicellular organisms on earth Bodies are designed specifically for eating and reproduction Often parasitic
- 18. Annelida • Earthworms, bloodsuckers (leeches) and bristle worms • Segmented, bilateral symmetry, 1mm to 3m • Coelom present
- 19. Mollusca
- 20. arthropoda • Largest Phylum in the Animal Kingdom (+million sp.) • Bilateral symmetry • Hard exoskeleton (chitinous) • Paired appendages and segmented regions • Ecdysis…?
- 21. • d
- 22. Vertebrates Who are they? What characteristics do they possess? Why the Phylum vertebrata?
- 23. 5 classes All possess a backbone or spinal chord Fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes) Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
- 24. Defining vertebrates • Contain a backbone (vertebral column) • Increased complexity and size in some cases • Both exothermic and now endothermic as well • Very small to some of the largest living organisms • Asexual ( very rare) but primarily Sexual reproduction
- 25. Nutrient cycles • Carbon Cycle (Abiotic vs. Biotic compounds) • Nitrogen Cycle (Plant food and atmosphere component) • Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrification = Need Oxygen!!! • Ultimate goal is to form Nitrate (plant food) • Hydrologic Cycle (water cycle)
- 29. Genetic Engineering • The process of changing/improving an organism by selecting and removing a desirable gene from one organism and introducing it into the genome of another. Examples of common BioEngineered crops Corn, Soybean and Cotton Purpose: Improve rate of progress, efficiency
- 30. Methods • Plasmid: Uses bacteria – • Vector: Uses viruses – Viruses reproduce by invading a host cell and forcing replication of the desired genes • Biolistic: “Bio Ballistic” “Gene Gun” Uses a machine or a gun to literally blast the desired gene into an individual along with Tungsten or Gold particles
- 31. GE with plants • Increased nutrition Longer shelf life • Larger fruit size Disease/insecticide resistant • Terminator seeds Attractive appearance • Superweeds Quicker growth/production
- 32. GE with animals • Atlantic salmon grow to market size twice as fast as wild salmon • Chickens that are incapable of spreading certain diseases • Cattle that are resistant to cause mad cow disease • Glow-in-the-dark pigs!!!
- 33. Pros & Cons debate PROS • A CONS • A
Notas do Editor
- Ecdysis is the molting or shedding of the outer exoskeleton. This process occurs as the organism grows larger because the outer exoskeleton is not able to grow. It must be shed and produced again.
- Biosphere, Atmosphere, Geosphere and Oceans Think about what forms we find Carbon in.
- Know how these processes work and what are the products: Know where these processes occur & who or how they are performed. Ex. Nitrogen fixation – performed by nitrogen fixing bacteria, what product do they produce and where are these bacteria found? Nitrogen Fixation – N & H = Ammonium then nitrate for consumption Nitrification – Ammonium ions produced by the decomposition of amino acids Denitrification creates nitrogen gas in the absence of oxygen
- Water cycles – Though some water (very miniscule amounts) can escape to space, we generalize and say that water is constantly in this cycle and the same amount of water exists today as it did thousands of years ago. Know definitions for the movements of water, highlighted with arrows. Example: Evaporation, Condensation etc
- Plasmids- small pieces of DNA molecule found in bacteria. Can be cut with restriction enzymes and used for Genetic Engineering. Vector: Not as common as the plasmid method but sometimes considered more reliable for producing good results in the host. Biolistic method is designed for use in plants but could have use in humans or other animals as well
- Perú doesn’t produce Bioengineered crops on a commercial level but buys BE corn and soybeans for cattle feed. CIP (Centro Internacional de la papa) is legally allowed to conduct Biotechnology research, but not produce these products on a commercial level Cons – Allergies, gene mutations, antibiotic resistance, loss of nutrition, environmental damage, gene pollution (permanent effects)