Syllable
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English Phonetics and Phonology 4th edition Peter Roach Chapter 8
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Syllable
- 3. In this chapter •The nature of the syllable •The structure of the English syllable •Syllable division
- 4. Many people find it easier to count how many syllables there are in a word/sentence more than defining what a syllable is Introduction What a syllable is
- 6. Syllable Phonetically The relationship between how we produce them & how they sound phonologically The possible combination of English phonemes
- 7. Syllable (Phonetically) Minimum syllable (a single vowel in isolation) ʃ m Onset (one or more consonant preceding the center of the syllable) bɑː kiː mɔː Coda (end with one or more consonants) æm ɔːt iːz Onset & coda Sæt fɪt consist of a center which has little or no obstruction to airflow and which sounds comparatively loud; before and after it there will be greater obstruction to airflow and/or less loud sounds
- 8. ʃʃʃʃ
- 10. Phonotactics: The study of the possible phoneme combinations of a language Syllable (phonologically) What can occur at initial position Vowel, 1 or 2 or 3 consonants What can occur at final position Vowel, 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 consonants
- 11. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH SYLLABLE syllable Onset C (c) Rhyme Nucleus V (v) Coda C (c)
- 12. Onset syllable Zero onset (Question) 1st syllable of the word begins with a vowel Any vowel may occur, though (ʊ) is rare The syllable begins with one consonant Any consonant may occur, though (ŋ,ʒ) are rare
- 13. Consonant cluster: 2 or more consonants together Consonant clusters 1st:Two-consonants (s) Followed by one of a small set of consonants 2nd:Two-consonants Begins with one of a set of 15 consonants, followed by one of the set (l, r, w, j) 3 consonants A relationship between them & the 2 sorts of 2 consonant clusters
- 14. (s) pre-initial consonant Initial p t k b d g f θ s ʃ h v ð z ʒ m n ŋ spɪn stɪk skɪn - - - sfəɪ - - - - - - - - smel snəʊ - Initial or post-initial l W J r slɪp swɪŋ sjuː srɪndʒ 1st : Two-consonant clusters with pre-initial (s)
- 15. Post- initial v ð z ʒ m n ŋ l r w j l - - - - - - - - - - - r - - - - - - - - - - - w - - - - - - - - - - - j vjuː - - - mjuːz njuːz - ljuːd - - - Post- initial p t k b d g f θ s ʃ h l pleɪ - kleɪ blæk - gluː flaɪ - slɪp - - r preɪ treɪ kraɪ brɪŋ drɪp grɪn fraɪ θrəʊ ?4 ʃruː - w - twɪn kwɪn - dwel ?1 - θwɔːt swɪm ?5 - j pjɔː tjuːn kjuː bjuːti djuː ?2 fjuː ?3 sjuː - hjuːdʒ 2nd : Two-consonant clusters with post-initial (l, r, w, j)
- 16. 4- Some people pronounce the word ‘syringe’ as srɪndʒ; there are no other cases of sr unless one counts foreign names (e.g. Sri Lanka) 1- Many Welsh names (including some well known outside wales) – such as girls’ names like Gwen and places names like the country of Gwent – have initial gw and English speakers seem to find them perfectly easy to pronounce 5- Two cases make ʃw seem familiar: the vowel name ‘schwa’, and the name of the soft drinks brand Schweppes. This is ,however, a very infrequent cluster in English 2- The only possible occurrence of gj would be in the archaic word ‘gules’, which is in very few people’s vocabulary 3- θj occurs in the archaic word ‘thew’ only
- 17. Three-consonant clusters *The number of possible initial three-consonant clusters is quite small and they can be set out in full Pre-initial Initial Post-initial l r w j s p ‘Splay’ ‘spray’ - ‘spew’ t - ‘string’ - ‘stew’ k ‘sclerosis’ ‘screen’ ‘squeak’ ‘skewer’
- 18. Final syllable Zero coda No final consonant at the end of a word Final consonant Only one consonant Any consonant may be a final consonant except (h, w, j) (r) is a special case: it doesn’t occur as a final consonant in BBC pronunciation
- 19. Consonant final cluster Two-consonant final cluster Final consonant preceded by pre- final consonant Final consonant followed by a post-final consonant Final three- consonant cluster Pre-final + final + post-final Final + post-final +post-final Four- consonant cluster Pre-final + final + post-final + post- final Final + 3 post-final consonants
- 20. Pre-final m Bump bʌmp n Bent bent ŋ Bank bæŋk l Belt belt s Ask ɑːsk Final consonant preceded by pre-final consonant
- 21. Post-final s Bets bets z Beds bedz t Backed bækt d Bagged bægd θ Eighth eɪtθ Final consonant followed by a post-final consonant
- 22. The release of the 1st plosive of a plosive- plus-plosive cluster such as the g (of gd) in bægd or k (of kt) in bækt is usually without plosion and therefore practically inaudible Point of pronunciatio
- 23. Pre-final final Post-final Helped he l p t Banks bæ ŋ k s Bonds bɒ n d z Twelfth twe l f θ Pre-final + final + post-final
- 24. Final + post-final +post-final final Post-final Post-final Fifth fɪ f θ s Next ne k s t lapsed læ p s t
- 25. Pre-final + final + post-final + post-final Pre-final final Post-final Post-final Twelfths twe l f θ s Prompts prɒ m p t s
- 26. Few cases Final + 3 post-final consonants Final Post-final Post-final Post-final Sixths sɪ k s θ s Texts te k s t s
- 30. It often happens that one or more consonants from the end of one word combine with ne or more at the beginning of the following word, resulting in a consonant sequence that could not occur in a single syllable Maximal onsets principles: Two syllables are to be divided, any consonants between them should be attached to the right-hand syllable Consonants are assigned to the right-hand syllable as far as possible within the restrictions governing syllable onsets and codas Ambisyllabic: When one consonant stands between vowels and it is difficult to assign the consonant to one syllable or to the other
- 32. Notes: Sonority theory of syllables: Sonority corresponds to loudness, and some sounds have greater sonority than others Vowels have the greatest sonority (S) has greater sonority than (k, t)
- 33. Thank