For MSc Defence Study students

1. RNBC WARFARE & NUC ENERGY

3. N – Nuclear

4. B – Biological

5. C – Chemical

6. more correctly called CBRN

7. CHEMICAL WARFARE

9. Chemical agent - chemical substances that can be delivered using munitions and dispersal devices to cause death or severe harm to people and animals and plants

10. Chemical warfare - Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.

12. Blister agent

13. Blood agent

15. Based on lethality – lethal, disabling, crowd control

17. Temporary

18. Nerve Agent The nerve agents are a group of particularly toxic chemical warfare agents. They were developed just before and during World War II and are related chemically to the organophosphorus insecticides. In the pure state nerve agents are colorless and mobile liquids. The principle agents in this group are: • GA - tabun • GB - sarin • GD - soman • VX - methylphosphonothioic acid The "G" agents tend to be non-persistent whereas the "V" agents are persistent.

19. Nerve Agent The nerve agents kill in minutes through skin, eye or respiration. The rapid action of nerve agents call for immediate self treatment. Unexplained nasal secretion, salivation, tightness of the chest, shortness of breath, constriction of pupils, muscular twitching, or nausea and abdominal cramps call for the immediate intramuscular injection of 2 mg of atropine, combined if possible with oxime.

20. Blister Agents Blister or vesicant agents are likely to be used both to produce casualties and to force opposing troops to wear full protective equipment thus degrading fighting efficiency, rather than to kill, although exposure to such agents can be fatal. Blister agents can be used to contaminate terrain, ships, aircraft, vehicles or equipment with a persistent hazard. Vesicants burn and blister the skin or any other part of the body they contact. They act on the eyes, mucous membranes, lungs, skin and blood-forming organs. They damage the respiratory tract when inhaled and cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. The vesicant agents include: HD - sulfur mustard, or yperite • HN - nitrogen mustard • L - lewisite (arsenical vesicants may be used in a mixture with HD) • CX - phosgene (properties and effects are very different from other vesicants)

21. Choking agents Chemical agents which attack lung tissue, primarily causing pulmonary edema, are classed as lung damaging agents. To this group belong: • CG - phosgene • DP - diphosgene • Cl - chlorine • PS - chloropicrin The toxic action of phosgene is typical of a certain group of lung damaging agents. Phosgene is the most dangerous member of this group and the only one considered likely to be used in the future. Phosgene was used for the first time in 1915, and it accounted for 80% of all chemical fatalities during World War I. Phosgene is a colorless gas under ordinary conditions of temperature and pressure. It is an extremely volatile and non-persistent agent. Its vapor density is 3.4 times that of air. It may therefore remain for long periods of time in trenches and other low lying areas.

23. CK - Cyanogen Chloride

24. SA - Arsine

26. Phencyclidine (SN)

27. Lysergic acid diethylamide (K)

29. Laughter gas

30. CS

32. Signed in 1993 in Paris & New York

33. 165 states signed

34. Prohibits chemical weapon use

36. Tipping arrows to cause wound infection

38. Exposing primitive peoples to new diseases

39. Plague fleas dropped by Japanese in China (Second Sino-Japanese War)

41. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons" or "bio-agents") - are living organisms or replicating entities (viruses) that reproduce or replicate within their host victims.

43. Viruses (smallpox, ebola, marbola)

47. Signed in 1975 in London. Moscow & Washington

48. 165 states signed

49. Prohibits biological weapon use

51. Effect – cause widespread uncontrollable contamination.

52. Never been used.

53. Prohibited. Poor man's atomic weapon

54. Likely terrorist threat.

55. NUCLEAR WARFARE

57. Dropping of bombs in Hiroshima & Nagasaki in 1945

58. Nuclear weapons race post-war

59. Devp of H-Bomb in 1950s

60. Big five nuclear weapon states – US, USSR, France, UK, China

61. Clandestine states – Israel, India, Pakistan, North Korea etc.

63. World War II

64. Dropped by USA on Japan

65. Dropped by B29 Superfortress aircraft called Enola Gay

66. Weapon – Fission, Kt with 64 kg Uranium , named ”Little Boy”

67. 64 kg uranium, 600 gms underwent fission, 0.6 gms converted to energy.

68. Casualties – 90,000 to 1,66,000

69. HIROSHIMA

70. HIROSHIMA

71. HIROSHIMA

72. HIROSHIMA

73. HIROSHIMA

74. HIROSHIMA

75. HIROSHIMA

77. Fusion weapons

79. Neutron Bomb

80. Salted Bomb

83. Yield of Nagasaki Weapon – 21 kiloton

84. Fissile material used – Uranium, Plutonium

86. Blast

87. Thermal radiation

90. Ionising raditaion

91. Earthquake

93. Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty

94. Missile Control Technology Regime

95. IAEC

96. Nuclear Weapons Suppliers Group

97. Any Questions