Literature review in Research

Literature search, citation and
referencing
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Ashok Pandey
Research Associate
NHRC

Literature Review
Written explanation by you
In writing the literature review:
- your purpose is to convey to your reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic,
and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
- It is not just a descriptive list of the material available,
or a set of summaries."

Literature Review
What information is already available?
- literatures and other sources
- audience:
receiver (researcher)
recipient (readers/reviewers)
- basic knowledge vs. adaptation to local need
- quality and correctness of the reviewed literature
- relevant (title, abstract, full text sequence)

Why?- Literature Review
Why? (in general)
• to avoid duplication
• to focus on the topic
• to better understand about subject area
• to develop and to inform research approach
• to develop justification of the study
• to develop conceptual framework of the study

•Demonstrating your skill and ability in library
searching
•Showing command of the subject area and
understanding of the problems
•Justifying the research topic, design and methodology
Review of literature: as an indicator
of your knowledge on the topic

Literature search
Before you can write your literature review
1.Define your terms: Compile a list of keywords – and synonyms for them
2. Search creatively: libraries, indexes and electronic databases, and the
Internet.
3. Use the library
4. Journals
Other less obvious sources
• Conference papers
• National and local Government publications
• Publishers’ websites.

Sources of Literature
Published information (books, articles, indexes,
abstract journals)
Unpublished information (other research proposals in
related fields, reports, records, computer data bases)
Experts, scientific societies and organisations

•Opinions, beliefs of key informants (through
interviews), in addition to written sources.
•Clinic- and hospital- based data from routine
statistics, registers.
•Clinical observations, reports of critical incidents.
•Local surveys, annual service reports.
•Statistics issued at provincial and district levels.
•Newspapers, books, articles, mimeographed reports,
etc.

•Articles from national journals, books identified
during literature searches at university and other
national libraries, WHO, UNICEF libraries, etc.
•Special collections, e.g., newspaper clippings, archival
records, library or congress collections.
•Documentation, reports and raw data from the
Ministry of Health (e.g., 5-year plans), Central
statistical offices, Non-governmental organisations,
Bilateral and multilateral organisations (e.g., USAID,
UNICEF, WHO).

Rules for Good Literature Review
• Identify and discuss the relevant key study on the topic
• Include as much update material as possible
• Critically evaluate the material and show your
analysesDon’t omit classic word with out proper
reference
• Don’t use jargon
• Don’t use the list of the materials

Rules for Good Literature Review
•Use illustrations and examples to justify your
analyses and arguments
•Be analytical, evaluative and critical and show this
in your review
•Make your review worth reading by making yourself
clear, systematic, coherent
•Explain why the topic is interesting

Searching in the Internet
•Using online version of the Journals
•Using database: Pubmed, Hinari, Medline, Science
Direct, CINAHL, Psychinfo, Cochrane, the lancet
•Online magazines, e-books, etc.

Searching Outside the Library
•Discuss with experts
•Contact with supervisors
•Discuss with local people, non medical
professional (to get different perspectives)
•Discuss and share with your friends
•Try to get many comments

Searching in the Internet
•Use a search engine: Yahoo, Google…..
•Use keywords, synonymous words of your topic
•Use journal+ keyword to find articles in the journal
•Use “keywords” to avoid unrelated materials
•Use keywords pdf to get PDF file only
•Use keywords ppt to get power point file only
•Joining chat groups, email group, professional
association
•Searching bibliographies in encyclopedias such as
www.answer.com

Searching in Databases
Database About
High quality evidence only!
NHS Evidence
Great place to get the cream of the evidence – searches a limited number
of high quality sources.
TRIP database
Great place to get the cream of the evidence – searches a limited number
of high quality sources.
Cochrane Library The source of systematic reviews.
Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical
Nursing Procedures
includes over 350 evidence-based clinical procedures related to every
aspect of care, from hand-washing to cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Great General Databases
Pubmed
Medline via Raven
Medline via NHS ATHENS
Great starting point for any health or medical literature search.

Exercise
Find out the difference
Yahoo Google Google scholar

Exercise
Find out the difference

Practical

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28057047

Full text searching

https://sci-hub.cc/

Hinari
http://www.who.int/hinari/about/en/

Referencing

What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardized method of
acknowledging sources of information and ideas that
you have used in your assignment, in a way that
uniquely identifies their source.
Both published and unpublished works must be
referenced

Citation and Referencing
Citation is what you do in the actual text of your
assignment when you want to indicate the source you have
used or from which you have quoted e.g. Video and the
participatory lecture are the most effective health education
techniques for effective delivery of HIV/AIDS. (Pandey et
al., 2015)
Referencing is what do you do at the end of an assignment
when you list the sources you have cited in the text
e.g. Pandey, A., Umashankar, S., Dai, H., Pandit, C.,
Kunwar, M., Pandey, M., & Rai, N. (2015). Assessing
Health Education Techniques in Enhancing the Knowledge
of HIV/AIDS among Adolescents. International STD
Research & Reviews, 3(1), 1–7.
doi:10.9734/ISRR/2015/10961

References & citations
Ambiguous: Dioxins have been reported to cause cancer in
humans, dogs, rabbits, and squirrels (Birnbaum et al, 2001; Xie
and Lozano 2004; Flores, 2008).
Dioxin induced cancer has been reported in humans, dogs,
rabbits, and squirrels 1,2,3.
vs.
Clear: Dioxins have been reported to cause cancer in humans
(Birnbaum et al, 2001), dogs (Xie and Lozano, 2004), and
rabbits and squirrels (Flores, 2008).
Dioxin induced cancer has been reported in humans,1 dogs,2
rabbits, and squirrels3.

Bibliography
If relevant sources that are not cited in the text are included, the list is called a
bibliography.
E.g
•Pandey, A. (2014). Challenges Experienced by Adolescent Girls while
Menstruation in Kathmandu, Valley: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Community
Medicine & Health Education, 04(03), 41–45. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000285
•Chataut, R., Pandey, A., & Rao, N. S. N. (2015). and Cost of Care among Cancer
Patients in Nepal, 2, 1–5.
•Pandey, A., Umashankar, S., Dai, H., Pandit, C., Kunwar, M., Pandey, M., & Rai,
N. (2015). Assessing Health Education Techniques in Enhancing the Knowledge
of HIV/AIDS among Adolescents. International STD Research & Reviews, 3(1), 1–
7. doi:10.9734/ISRR/2015/10961

Reference Software
1. EndNote
2. Reference Manager
3. Mendeley
4. Zotero
Mendeley and Zotero are free, so you can look into using one of these if
you do not have access to the others.
Computer –based References
minimize error

Referencing in Endnotes

Practice
Download and install Mendeley
Open Mendeley
Install MS word Plugin
Install Web Importer
Create the folder
Import the article files, etc to Mendeley
Go to MS word

Reference style for Vancouver style

Citing Journal: Use of ; : . space
Authors. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of
Journal. year; vol(issue):page number(s).

Citing Journal in the Internet
Format: Author/s (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title of article (full-
stop, 1 space) Abbreviated title of electronic journal (1 space) [serial
online] (1 space) Publication year (1 space) month(s) - if available (1 space)
[cited year month (abbreviated) day] - in square brackets (semi colon, 1
space) Volume number (no space) Issue number if applicable in round
brackets (colon) Page numbers or number of screens in square brackets
(full-stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1 space) URL:URL address
underlined
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis
[serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1999 Dec 25]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available
from: URL: http://www/cdc/gov/ncidoc/EID/eid.htm

Citing Website
Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title (full-
stop, 1 space) [Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publication Year (1
space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] (semi colon)
Number of screens in square brackets or pages (full-stop, 1
space) Available from (colon, 1 space) URL: (no space) URL
address underlined
Example:
Royal College of General Practitioners. The primary health care
team. [Online]. 1998 [cited 1999 Aug 22];[10 screens]. Available
from: URL:http://ww.rcgp.org.uk/informat/publicat/rcf0021.htm

Citing Software
• Format: Title (1 space) medium in square brackets [eg. computer
program, computer file] (full-stop, 1 space) Version (full-stop, 1
space) Place of production (colon, 1 space) Producer (semi-colon, 1
space) Year (full-stop)
Example:
Epi Info [computer program]. Version 6. Atlanta (GA): Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; 1994.

Citing Newspapers
Format: Author if given (full-stop, 1 space) Title of article
(full-stop, 1 space) Name of newspaper (1 space) Date of
edition (year Month Day) (semi-colon, no space) Section if
applicable (section abbreviated to Sect.) (colon, no space)
Page/s (1 space) Column number in round brackets (column
abbreviated to col.) (full-stop)
Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study
estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post
1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col. 5).

Personal Communications
• Personal communications should be included in the text of your document,
but they should not be included in your reference list. It is recommended
that permission is sought from the source/author of a personal communication
if you wish to include quotes in your text. The details you need to include
when referencing in text are:
• the date of the communication;
• whether the communication was in oral or written form;
• the affiliation of the person might also be included to better establish the
relevance and authority of the citation (recommended).

Conversation
• In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population
Health (Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August)...
Letter
• As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002...
E-mail
• Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to
Matthew Hart (mh@hospital.wa.gov.au) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar
17].

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