Economic environmental and social aspects of Cruise Tourism by Mr. Harun Sişmanyazıcı Turkish Chamber of Shipping

ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND
SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CRUISE
TOURISM AND FACTS OF TURKISH
CRUISE SECTOR
Harun Şişmanyazıcı
ECONOMİST / LECTURER IN UNIVERSITY

ECONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CRUISE TOURISM
AND FACTS OF TURKISH CRUISE SECTOR
1 - DEFINITION OF CRUISE TOURISM:
“Cruise tourism is a luxurious form of travel, involving an all-
inclusive holiday on a cruise ship which can rightly be called
marine resort of at least 48 hours, comprising a specific itinerary,
in which the cruise ship sail on deep seas and calls at several
ports or cities with cultural and historical richness , and
environmental beauty.” Cruise vessels should have a minimum
of 100 passenger capacity and make deep sea voyage for a
minimum of 2 days.

2 - FROM LINER VOYAGES FOR PASSANGERS TO CRUSING
SERVICES FOR TOURISTS
Dedicated transport oriented ocean liners operate ‘’Line
Voyages’’ and typically transport passengers from one point to
another rather than round trips, since passengers do not intend
to turn back on same vessel. This type passenger vessel creates
place and time utility.

A cruise ship or cruise line is a passenger ship (with wide
definition) used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself
and the ship’s amenities are part of the experience. Therefore
Cruising services create’’ recreational location ,journey or tour’’
utility.

Customers of the cruising services are called as passengers but
in my judgement they must be called as tourists since they
intend to turn back where they embarked on the vessel.’’
Tourism ‘’is coming from Word of ‘’TORNUS’’ which means
turning back in Latin language. Clearly cruise passengers have
this intention.

3 - CRUISE SHIP AND CRUISE INDUSTRY ARE A RELATIVELY
NEW PHENOMENON BUT MOST POPULAR PART OF TOURISM
SECTOR.
Cruise ship tourism is a relatively new phenomenon, although
ocean passages date to as early as May 1819 when Black Ball
Lines operating out of New York, became the first Shipping
company to offer a scheduled passenger service from the US to
England.
In the second half of 20’th century cruise holidays grew in
popularity, yet remained with the affluent (rich) and late middle-
aged demographic groups. Today, average age of cruise
travelers has diminished significantly.

The sector then saw an unprecedented growth from the 1970’s
and 1980’s but leveled to an annual growth rate of %8 in the
1990’s, and %7.2 per annum from 1990 up to now. Since 1990
over 200 million passengers have cruised. %70 of these
passengers have been generated in the past 10 years and nearly
% 40 in the past 5 years. (Source CLIA 2015 Outlook)

4 - DIVERSIFICATION ON CRUISE SECTOR
As mentioned above, growth in cruise ship tourism has
remained, but its products have been diversified. Entertainment
on board is much more larger scale and includes casino, spa,
fitness center, shops, library, theatre with Broadway style,
cinema, indoor and /or outdoor swimming pool with water
slides, gym, basketball courts , congress, time share
ownership of cabin by elder passengers etc.

As addition to above; it could include education, religious tour
and cultural offerings, interactive entertainment supported by
technology (e.g. I phone applications), food themed cruises,
signature restaurants and celebrity chefs and major events (e.g.
Dancing with the Stars)
Diversification also led to development of increase in cruise ship
capacities including superliners that host up to 6300
passengers. But said big vessels have not been able to sweep
away small cruise vessel from sector. Small vessel is also in
popular for themed or special cruise services.

5 - SPECIALTY CRUISE CONTINUES TO THRIVE
Special segments which include sophisticated ships, luxury
yachts, elegant ocean liners and newest river cruises, polar
cruises continue to experience double digit passenger growth.
This segment grew by 21 percent annually from 2009 to 2014
estimates.

6 - MAIN FACTS OF CRUISE SECTOR FROM 2010 TO 2015
−23 Million passenger are expected to sail this year with 54
percent of North American (as per CLIA), but according to Cruise
Market Watch forecasts; it will be 22.2 Million passenger by %3.2
increase over 2014
−Cruise lines are enticing travelers with nearly 1000 ports of call
in world including new, exotic locations especially fast growing
Asian Market.

− CLIA (Cruise Lines İnternational Association) member cruise
lines are scheduled to debut 22 new ocean/river and specialty
ships ın 2015 for a total investment of more than $4 Billion.
− The cruise industry this year will have economic impact
globally. In 2013 the global economic impact output of the
cruise industry was more than $117 Billion; the industry
supported nearly 900.000 jobs and contributed $38 Billion in
wages.

6.1-
−-Caribbean continues to be QUEEN; The Caribbean remains
queen for the Cruise Industry with more than a third of
deployment capacity market share in 2015.
−-THE MEDITERRANEAN CONTINUES TO GROW AS A
DESTINATION AS WELL AS OTHER REGIONS INCLUDING ASIA
AND AUSTRALIA(Far East, the Poles, the Baltic Sea Region, the
Arabian Peninsula, the Red Sea and especially
MEDITERRANEAN are new destinations after conventional
destination of North/South America and Tropical Islands)
−In 2015 52 vessels will provide 1065 Asian Cruises with
capacity for 2.17 Million passengers.

− The average length of cruises is over 7 days (7.2 days) but
young passengers prefer short periods
− TODAYS AVERAGE CRUISER IS 49 YEARS OLD (More than
one quarter equal or more than 60
years).MARRIED.EMPLOYED FULL TIME.COLLAGE
EDUCATED AND INCOME 114.000 YEARLY.
− 5-6 years ago average age of cruiser was more than what
given above, but now rich and younger peoples are also
interested with cruise
− USA has a dominant role and share in cruise activities as
being passengers and rendering cruise services. 17 of biggest
Cruise lines are owned by American corporations.

− Cruise sector is a closed market, it is difficult to enter into this
market since it necessitates $30-40 Million for a vessel with a
capacity of 200-300 passengers , and $400-600 Million for a
vessel with passenger capacity of around 2500-3000. Shore
based facilities require 3 times less investment compared to
cruise investments. But they have tax and opex cost
advantages by operating vessel under flag of convenience
countries.

7 - CLIA CRUISE INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 2015

CLIA GLOBAL OCEAN CRUISE PASSENGERS
( Million)
2012 2013 2014 P 2015 P
20,9 M 21,3 M 22,1 M 23,0 M
(Generally %54 of this amount is North American)

8 - MEDITERRANEAN IS THE RISING STAR OF CRUISING
SECTOR.
Mediterranean has second place after Caribbean in respect to
cruise capacity deployment with % 21.7 shares in 2013, but this
share diminished to 19.9 in 2014 according to report of the
MedCruise for 2014.This is shown on the following graph

Global!Deployment!Shares!2014/2008/2004!

9 - INFORMATION RELATED TO CRUISE ACTIVIES IN
MEDITERRANEAN (Based on Medcruise 2014 Report)
−The total cruise passenger visits (movements) at the 72
MedCruise Port Members* reached to 25.8 Million, this number is
7.28% lower than 2013 number which was 27.3 Million.
Cruise Passenger Movements in MedCruise Port Members for
2006-2014 are given here below.
2006 16.0 M , 2007 19.4 M, 2008 22 M, 2009 22.5 M , 2011 27.6
M, 2012 26.8 M, 2013 27, 8 M, 2014 25.8 M , 2013 as the year
when all records were broken
*(Estimated MedCruise ports share of total cruise traffic in the Mediterranean in
2014 for pax is about %80 and %76.62 for cruise call)

− The total cruise calls were 13.700 in 2014 , but it was 14.979 in
2013. This represents a total 8.4 % decrease compare to 2013.

9-1 CONTINUE
−Average PAX/CALL in Med Cruise Ports was 1878 passenger in
2014, it has been increase compare to 2013 which was 1855
passenger in 2013 .There has been 64.16 percent increase w/i
last 10 years in this respect.
−Distribution of cruise passenger movements in MedCruise
Ports Members ; The ratio of transit passenger movements and
passenger home porting(in/out) from MedCruise ports stands at
72/28(72 is transit ).This ratio has been stable w/i last 12 years.
−The top 5 ports by passengers were Barcelona, Civitavecchia,
Venice, Balearics, and Marseille …

KUŞADASI/BODRUM/ANTALYA HAD 12’TH PLACE IN THIS
RANKING BY 761.912 PASSENGERS, AND PLACE OF ISTANBUL
WAS 16’TH WITH 589.353 PASSENGERS.
… and sorted by calls the top 5 were Civitavecchia, Barcelona,
Dubrovnik/Korcula, Balearics Island, Piraeus.
KUŞADASI/BODRUM/ANTALYA HAS MANAGED TO KEEP THEIR
PLACE AS A 6’TH ONE IN 2014 BY 605 CALLS, AND PLACE OF
ISTANBUL WAS 15’TH BY 331 CALLS.

9-2 CONTINUE
−Cruise Traffic by MedCruise Region in 2014 ;
West Med; 17.971.531 pax /8.327 calls
Adriatic; 4.604.764 pax/2917 calls
East Med; 3.022.838 pax/2140 calls
B. Sea; 162.588pax/33 calls.
AS SEEN FROM ABOVE WEST MED HAS IMPORTANT
PLACE/ROLE IN MEDITERRANEAN CRUISE TRAFFIC..

9-3 CONTINUE
−Cruise Traffic in Turkish Cruise Ports; (2014)
PORTS TOTAL PAX CALLS
ALANYA 19.09223
ISTANBUL 589.353 331
KUŞADASI/BODRUM /ANT 761.912 605
MERSİN 0 0
SİNOP 16.52231
TRABZON 17.11831
TOTAL 1.403.997 1021

9-4 CONTINUE
−CRUISE PASSENGER MOVEMENTS PER MEDCRUISE
COUNTRY (2014)
COUNTRY 2014 SHARE IN 2014
ITALY 9.769.495 37.92%
SPAIN 5.809.122 22.55%
FRANCE 2.258.015 8.77%
GREECE 2.098.652 8.15%
TURKEY 1.403.997 5.45%
TURKEY HAD 5’TH PLACE IN RESPECT OF PASSENGER
MOVEMENTS BUT 6’TH PLACE FOR CRUISE CALLS IN 2014 BY
5.45% AND %7.44 SHARE RESPECTIVELY

10 - FACTS OF TURKISH CRUISE SECTOR;
The total cruise passenger visits (movements) at the Turkish
Cruise ports reached 2.240.776 passenger by 1572 Cruise calls in
2013. But this figure decreased to 1.790.125 passenger and 1385
calls in 2014 due to economic crises of the world and region
especially economic crises in Greece and strikes at Piraeus Port
since cruise vessel calling Turkish ports starts voyage from this
port. Cruise lines by taking into account these negative factors,
shifted their voyages to the West med and Turkish cruise sector
was affected adversely by said decision. Following graph
illustrates this situation

10 - FACTS OF TURKISH CRUISE SECTOR;
Total Cruise Passenger visits and cruise vessel calls at Turkish
Cruise Ports.
There are 21 Cruise Ports in Turkey but only 17 of these ports
reached more than 1000 passenger visit in 2013. AS ADDITION
TO THIS ONLY 10 OF THEM ARE MUCH MORE ACTIVE AND
IMPORTANT PORTS.MOST POPULAR DESTINATIONS;
ISTANBUL, İZMİR, KUŞADASI, BODRUM, MARMARIS AND
ANTALYA.

10 - CONTINUE
Most of the Turkish Cruise ports were privatized with in last 10
years, and new owners of these ports have rehabilitated and
modernized said ports by heavy investments especially in
respect of ISPS Security Code point of view and other facilities.
-Turkish port generally visited by the %11 of the world total
cruise passengers
-%20 of the Turkish tourism revenues originated from maritime
tourism also cover cruise revenues.

-There are no Turkish Flag Cruise vessels and Turkey is not
active on cruise vessel operation. But Turkey is being
recognized as a desired destination and a home port of foreign
cruise vessels. Turkey offers cruise passengers a wide range of
riches such as history, cultural heritage, good climate, crystal
waters where tourists can enjoy diving and swimming,
hospitality, natural values, entertainment, religious tour, 8.333
km un-spoilt coastlines, rich cuisine and foods, shopping etc.
Now cruise lines decided to start their tours from Istanbul, in this
context Royal Caribbean declared that they will start Greek
Island, Adriatic and Mediterranean tours from Istanbul as home
port(in/out) within coming days, like Italian Costa did last year.

10 - CONTINUE
NOW LET ME SHOW YOU SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NATURAL
AND CULTURAL SITES OF TURKEY.
Antalya Sea Shore FETHİYE ÖLÜ DENİZ (DEAD SEA)

Sumela Monastery Pamukkale
(Turkey’s most famous natural wonders-Pure White travertine)

TOPKAPI PALACE Cappadocia

MOUNT OF NEMRUT AYA SOFIA

Efes-İzmir GÖÇEK

11- ISTANBUL PORT HAS 1’ST PLACE WITH IN TOTAL CRUISE
PASSENGERS COMING TURKEY BY 30 PERCENT SHARE , AND
FOLLOWED BY KUŞADASI(%25.7) AND İZMİR(%21.7)
THIS YEAR KUŞADASI WILL BE 2’ND ONE AFTER ISTANBUL
SINCE NORWEGIAN CRUISE STARTED TO CALL KUSADASI
INSTEAD OF İZMİR STARTING FROM 27.April 2014, LAST YEAR
475 VESSEL CALLED TO THIS PORT BUT THIS YEAR FIXED
RESERVATIONS ARE ALREADY MORE THAN 600 CALLS, AND
EXPECTATION IS AROUND 700 CALLS FOR 2015
SAID 3 MAIN PORTS HAS 75 PERCENT SHARE OF TOTAL
CRUISE PASSENGERS VISIT TURKEY.

PORT Number of pas Share (%)
Alanya 40.843 1, 82
Antalya 163.575 7, 30
Bartın 2.071 0, 09
Bodrum 28.546 1, 27
Çanakkale 7.467 0, 33
Çeşme 62.741 2, 80
Dikili 7.655 0, 34
Fethiye 1.067 0, 05
Göçek 252 0, 01
Güllük 476 0, 02
İstanbul 689.417 30, 77
İzmir 486.493 21, 71
Kaş 1.152 0, 05
Kuşadası 577.685 25, 70
Marmaris 152.685 6, 81
Mersin 1.381 0, 06
Mudanya 414 0, 02
Samsun 1.281 0, 06
Sinop 7.460 0, 33
Trabzon 8.115 0, 36
Tuzla 0 0, 00
TOTAL 2.240.776 100, 00%

12- İZMİR IS THE EMERGING STAR OF THE TURKİSH CRUISE
PORTS
The Cruises News Media Group in Spain, a specialized
publication in touristic passenger tourism, Turkey and Croatia
were selected as the two best cruise destinations of 2009 in the
Cruise Forum held in Spain in February 2010.

Because of the efforts of İzmir Chamber of Commerce and İzmir
Branch of Turkish Chamber of Shipping to ensure that Cruise
Ships visited the İzmir Alsancak Port in İzmir, ’’The pearl of
Aegean Region ‘’ and the point that has hosted many different
civilization since the first age of history, 3271 passengers came
to the city in 2013 with 5 trips, and this number increased to
486.493 passengers ın 2014.
İzmir was awarded the “Leader Cruise Destination in Europe”
award within framework of the World Travel Awards in 2011,
2012, and 2013. Beside others Turkish Cruise Platform had
important role on this development after its establishment in
2012.

13- THERE ARE 10 NEW CRUISE PORT INVESTMENT PROJECTS
WITHIN THE TURKISH STRATEGIC TOURISM TARGETS OF 2023

14- NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE IMPACT OF CRUISE TOURISM
FIRST POSITIVE IMPACT
- ECONOMIC IMPACT OF CRUISE INDUSTRY.
The Cruise Industry is an increasing economic force at least for
some countries and some port of the World. According to CLIA
2013 Report; in 2012 the US Cruise Industry contributed more
than $42 Billion to the American Economy.
As per new report of the CLIA; in 2103 the global economic
output of the cruise industry was more than USD 117 Billion; the
industry supported nearly 900.000 jobs, and contributed USD 38
Billion in wages.

THE CRUISE INDUSTRY THIS YEAR WILL HAVE POSITIVE
ECONOMIC IMPACT GLOBALLY
Cruise passengers spend on board and at shore, while they
spend their money on board to serve interest of cruise lines,
but when they spend at shore contribute to the national
economy of the port which they visit. Average expenditures of
one cruise passenger on board is around $1719, in this context
economic potential of cruise tourism is around $36 Billion
just in respect of expenditures on board.(This year this figure
will be $40 Billion) A cruise passenger spends 3 times more in
comparison to any other shore based tourist.

14.1 CONTINUE
As addition to above, said passengers and crew create economic
benefit for the calling port of the cruise vessel by their expenses
on shore.
For example; in Turkey while cruise tourist spends $120 -150 per
day at port , ordinary shore based tourist spends $50 -55per day,
as addition to cruise passengers , cruise crew also spends an
average of $70 per day. In the light of these facts cruise
passengers and crew serve the interest of Turkish economy
around 400 million per annum at Turkish Cruise ports.
It is expected that cruise passengers and crews will spend $19.5
Billion at calling ports/Cities in 2015 globally

14.2 CONTINUE
ONE CRUISE PASSENGER SPEND AVERAGE $1719 ON BOARD
WITHIN 7 DAYS CRUISE TOUR
%75 of Cruise Expenses is Ticket Fee
Expenditure Items SPEND ($)
TICKET 1.304
Expend.During.Tour 415
Casino/Bar 222
Disembark Expenses (Remain amnt to Cur) 81
Spa 40
Other 61
TOTAL EXPENDITURE 1.719

23 Million Cruise Passengers x $1719 per 7 days Cruise Tour=$39.5 Billion economic
value of cruise tours created on board +$19.5 Billion at Ports = $59 Billion direct
economic benefit
(Source;Türkiye’de Kurveziyer Turizm Potansiyeli ve Geleceği by İpek Sapmaz)
The average cruise passenger brought a revenue of 1728 but with high expenses per
passenger the average profit was only $185 in 2013

14.2 CONTINUE
According to MedCruise; The Typical Cruise Ship carrying 2250
passengers and 480 crew members conservatively generates
$225.596 in passenger and crew expenditures during a single
port of call visit.
According to CLIA Europe estimates cruise sector generates
more than 15.5 Billion Euros in direct expenditures throughout
Europe. These expenditures are broadly distributed across four
major source segments

Cruise Lines Purchases %43
Passenger and Crew Purchases %23
Ship Building %25
Cruise Employees Compensation %9

14.3 CONTINUE
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EFFECTS OF CRUISE SERVICES
1-Cruise Lines generate a platform on board for the meeting of
different cultures and nations and establishment good friendship
between passengers coming from different countries.
2-Also it helps the older people to socialize; rich elderly
population in the future days will prefer to live on board of cruise
vessel during certain periods.

14.4 CONTINUE
TOP 10 CRUISE PORT OF WORLD IN RESPECT OF CRUISE
REVENUE
Rank City Port
Revenue
(million usd )
1 Florida Miami 605
2 Florida Fort Lauderdale 500
3 Florida Port Canaveral 493
4 Barcelona Barcelona 382
5 Rome Civitavecchia 373
6 Bahamas Nassau 349
7 Mexico Cozumel 278
8 Venice Venice 255
9 Southampton Southampton 243
10 Texas Galveston 194
As seen from above
FLORIDA has biggest
share with $1.5
Billion revenue and
Miami port has first
place in ranking by
$605 Million
revenue. In
Mediterranean
/Europe Barcelona
has this place by
$382 Million
revenue.

14.5
LAST ONE IS NEGATIVE IMPACT
Negative aspects of the cruise industry are summarized below;
-THE RISK OF ILLNESS
Any time large groups of people congregate in a relatively small
space, there is always the possibility of disease. On cruise ships,
the most common afflictions are food borne ailments like E coli
Legionnaire’s disease. In 2013 norovirus (a highly contagious
infection) most commonly known as a’ ’stomach bug’’ swept
through at least two different cruise ships resulting in hundreds
of people sick with vomiting diarrhea.

-POLLUTION BY BUNKER
Cruise Ships created an enormous amount of pollution in the
past, but it’s this negative impact is minimized by the effort of
the International and Regional Governmental and Non-
governmental Organization like IMO (MEPC), UNEP, FOE (Friends
of the Earth) etc.

Cruise ships’ engines require immense amounts of fuel to move,
the famous QE II required nearly 400 liters of fuel to move a
single mile and went through 433 tons of fuel a day, so this
cause air pollution in respect of Sulphur dioxide, NOX, Carbon
dioxide, Particulars which are cause acid rain. As well as sea
pollution by discharge of bilge water.
In general ,a ship treats bilge water before discharging it, but
could be cases of irresponsible ocean dumping.

But as mentioned above this pollution effect of cruise ships has
been minimizing by the new regulations, like Marpol 73 and its
Protocol and Annexes
UNSUFFICIENTLY TREATED EXHOUST,BILGE, AND SEAWAGE
TANK WATER OF THE CRUISE SHIPS CAN CREATE AIR AND
WATER POLLUTION POTENTIALLY. CAUSING A HOST OF
UGLY ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH EFFECTS. THAT
UNDERMINE THE VERY NATURAL BEAUTY THAT CRUISE
SHIPS ADVERTISE TO POTENTIAL TRAVELERS.

-POLLUTION BY SEAWAGE
A cruise ship carrying 3000 passengers generates approximately
800.000 liters of raw sewage throughout the course a week.
According to a recent EPA Survey of cruise boats operated in
Alaska; cruise ships are generating an average of 21.000 gallon
of sewage a day. Those ships also produce daily average of
170.000 gallons of gray water which contain detergents, oil,
grease and food waste.

Despite of sewage tank contents are subjected to a treatment
before being dıscharged in to the sea, create some pollution due
to reason ineffective treatment. For the most part, ships are able
to dump their raw sewage directly in to the ocean provided they
are more than about five kilometers (3 Miles) from shore.
AS A RESULT CRUISE VESSEL CARRIES THOUSANDS OF
PASSENGERS. EACH OF WHOM PRODUCES A PERSONAL
WASTE STREAM THAT CAN END UP IN THE OCEAN.

- BIOLOGICAL POLLUTION BY CLEAN BALAST WATER
DISCHARGE.
Discharging of the any clean ballast water which taken from one
of the ocean into the another ocean creates aquatic bio-
invasions causing major ecological impact.
The spread of invasive species is now recognized as one of the
greatest threats to the ecological and the economic wellbeing of
the planet.
In order to minimize effect of this big threat IMO produced new
International Convention on this matter which is named IMO
BWM Convention.

-EMPLOYMENT OF THE CHEAP LABOR FORCE
As we mentioned above Cruise lines operated their vessel under
Flag Of Convenience Countries, therefore they have the ability to
recruit workers with very low wages often. Employees are
recruited from poor nations in Asia, Central America and Eastern
Europe by one year long engagement. Some of them are making
contract with very low salary per month and long working hours
per weeks.
Anyhow MLC Convention of ILO and ITF are combating this type
of abusement of Labor Rights

- CASUALTIES (ACCIDENTS AT SEA)
In Feb 2013 Carnıval Trıumph a massive cruise ship bound for
Mexico suffered fire in its engine room, but it was extinguished
without death or injury.
In 2012 The Costa Concordia an Italian vessel struck a rock in
the cost of Tuscany. Despite vessel carried over 4000
passengers and crew member only six tragic deaths reported
from capsize of this vessel. After this accident, many people
started to examine cruise ship safety, but in general, cruising is
very safe way to travel, and the Industry has a good record

It can be seen from following list;
In 2010
-Carnival Splendor; an engine room fire left the ship wıthout any
power, vessel is towed to San Diego, NO ANY CASUALTIES.
- Louis Majesty; Waves as high an 26 feet crashed into the ship
off northeast Spain, CASUALTIES 2
-Costa Europe; the ship crashed into the pier at Sharm El Sheikh
when trying to dock in bad weather CASUALTIES 3 Crew
Member.

-Brilliance of the Seas; winds reached 70 knots in a terrible
storm, tossing this ship so violently that windows broke and
furniture was strewn about. NO CASUALTIES
-Between 2005-2007 3 accidents and casualties were recorded .
DISAPPEARANCIES ,
200 incidents noted since 2000, 200 passengers are lost on
board

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
AND
HOPING SEE YOU IN TURKEY

Economic environmental and social aspects of Cruise Tourism by Mr. Harun Sişmanyazıcı Turkish Chamber of Shipping

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