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jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx] vtesj
jktLFkku jkT; ,oa v/khuLFk lsok,¡ la;qDr izfr;ksxh ¼izkjfEHkd½ ijh{kk] 2013 ds fy,
ijh{kk dh Ldhe%&
izkjfEHkd ijh{kk esa uhps fofufnZ"V fo"k; ij ,d iz’u&i= gksxk] tks oLrqfu"B izdkj dk
gksxk vkSj vf/kdre 200 vadks dk gksxkA
ijh{kk dk mís’; dsoy LØhfuax ijh{k.k djuk gSA iz’ui= dk Lrjeku Lukrd fMxzh Lrj
dk gksxkA ,sls vH;fFkZ;ksa }kjk] tks eq[; ijh{kk esa izos’k ds fy, vfgZr ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gks]
izkjfEHkd ijh{kk esa izkIr vadks dks mudk vafre ;ksX;rk Øe vo/kkfjr djus ds fy, laxf.kr
ugha fd;k tk;sxkA
iz'ui= fo"k; vf/kdre vad le;
A lkekU; Kku vkSj lkekU; foKku 200 rhu ?k.Vs
uksV%&
1- iz'u i= eas cgqfodYih; izdkj ds 150 iz'u gksaxs o lHkh iz'u leku vad ds gksaxsA
2- ewY;kadu esa _.kkRed vadu fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa izR;sd xyr mRrj ds fy, 1/3 vad dkVs
tk,axsA
2
fu/kkZfjr uohu ikB~;dze
jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] dyk] laLd`fr] lkfgR;] ijEijk ,oa fojklr
 jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a, izeq[k jktoa'k] mudh iz'kklfud o jktLo
O;oLFkkA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd eqn~ns]
 Lora=rk vkUnksyu] tutkxj.k o jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k
 LFkkiR; dyk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡& fdys ,oa Lekjd
 dyk,¡] fp=dyk,¡ vkSj gLrf'kYi
 jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh egÙoiw.kZ d`fr;k¡] {ks=h; cksfy;k¡
 esys] R;kSgkj] yksd laxhr ,oa yksd u`R;
 jktLFkkuh laLd`fr] ijEijk ,oa fojklr
 jktLFkku ds /kkfeZd vkUnksyu] lar ,oa yksd nsork
 egÙoiw.kZ i;ZVu LFky
 jktLFkku ds izeq[k O;fDrRo
Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
izkphudky ,oa e/;dky %&
 izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a
 dyk] laLd`fr] lkfgR; ,oa LFkkiR;
 izeq[k jktoa'k] mudh iz'kklfud lkekftd o vkfFkZd O;oLFkkA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd eqn~ns] izeq[k
vkUnksyu
vk/kqfud dky %&
 vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼18oha 'krkCnh ds e/; ls orZeku rd½& izeq[k ?kVuk,¡] O;fDrRo ,oa
eqn~ns
 Lora=rk la?k"kZ ,oa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu& fofHkUu voLFkk,¡] buesa ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds
;ksxnkudrkZ ,oa mudk ;ksxnku
 19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh esa lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkUnksyu
 Lokra«;ksRrj dky esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,oa iquxZBu
fo’o ,oa Hkkjrdk Hkwxksy
fo'o dk Hkwxksy %&
 izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡
 i;kZoj.kh; ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~ns
 oU; tho&tUrq ,oa tSo&fofo/krk
 vUrjkZ"Vªh; tyekxZ
 izeq[k vkS|ksfxd {ks=
Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy%&
 izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,a vkSj eq[; Hkw&HkkSfrd foHkktu
 d`f"k ,oa d`f"k vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;k¡
 [kfut&yksgk] eaSxuht] dks;yk] [kfut rsy vkSj xSl] vk.kfod [kfut
 izeq[k m|ksx ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl
 ifjogu & eq[; ifjogu ekxZ
 izkd`frd lalk/ku
 i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~ns
3
jktLFkku dk Hkwxksy
 izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,a vkSj eq[; Hkw&HkkSfrd foHkkx
 jktLFkku ds izkd`frd lalk/ku
 tyok;q] izkd`frd ouLifr] ou] oU; tho&tUrq ,oa tSo&fofo/krk
 izeq[k flapkbZ ifj;kstuk,¡
 [kku ,oa [kfut lEink,¡
 tula[;k
 izeq[k m|ksx ,oa vkSS|ksfxd fodkl dh lEHkkouk,¡
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ,oa 'kklu iz.kkyh
laoS/kkfud fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku%&
Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/kfu;e& 1919 ,oa 1935] lafo/kku lHkk] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izd`fr] izLrkouk
¼mn~nsf';dk½] ekSfyd vf/kdkj] jkT; ds uhfr funZs’kd fl)kar] ekSfyd drZO;] la?kh; <kapk]
laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku] vkikrdkyhu izko/kku] tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj U;kf;d iqujkoyksduA
Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;OkLFkk ,oa 'kklu%&
 Hkkjr jkT; dh izd`fr] Hkkjr esa yksdra=] jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu] xBca/ku ljdkjsa] jktuhfrd ny]
jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k
 la?kh; ,oa jkT; dk;Zikfydk] la?kh; ,oa jkT; fo/kku e.My] U;k;ikfydk
 jk"Vªifr] laln] loksZPp U;k;ky;] fuokZpu vk;ksx] fu;a=d ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd] ;kstuk vk;ksx]
jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn] eq[; lrZdrk vk;qDr] eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr] yksdiky ,oa jk"Vhª;
ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx
 LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk 'kklu ,oa iapk;rh jkt
yksd uhfr ,oa vf/kdkj %&
 yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds :i esa jk"Vªh; yksduhfr
 fofHkUu fof/kd vf/kdkj ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkj&i=
jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud O;oLFkk
 jkT;iky] eq[;ea=h] jkT; fo/kkulHkk] mPp U;k;ky;] jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx] ftyk iz’kklu]
jkT; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx] yksdk;qä] jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx] jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx
 yksd uhfr] fof/kd vf/kdkj ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkj&i=
vFkZ'kkL=h; vo/kkj.kk,¡ ,oa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk
vFkZ'kkL= ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr %&
 ctV fuekZ.k] cSafdax] yksd&foRr] jk"Vªh; vk;] lao`f) ,oa fodkl dk vk/kkjHkwr Kku
 ys[kkadu& vo/kkj.kk] midj.k ,oa iz'kklu esa mi;ksx
 LVkWd ,Dlpsat ,oa 'ks;j cktkj
 jktdks"kh; ,oa ekSfnzd uhfr;k¡
 lfClMh] yksd forj.k iz.kkyh
 b&dkWelZ
 eqnzkLQhfr& vo/kkj.kk] izHkko ,oa fu;a=.k ra=
vkfZFkZd fodkl ,oa vk;kstu %&
 iapo"khZ; ;kstuk &y{;] j.kuhfr ,oa miyfC/k;k¡
 vFkZO;oLFkk ds izeq[k {ks= %& d`f"k] m|ksx] lsok ,oa O;kikj] orZeku fLFkfr] eqn~ns ,oa igy
 izeq[k vkfFkZd leL;k,a ,oa ljdkj dh igy] vkfFkZd lq/kkj ,oa mnkjhdj.k
4
ekuo lalk/ku ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl %&
 ekuo fodkl lwpdkad
 xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh&vo/kkj.kk] izdkj] dkj.k] funku ,oa orZeku ¶ysxf'ki ;kstuk,a
 lkekftd U;k; ,oa vf/kdkfjrk&detksj oxksZa ds fy, izko/kku
jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkk
 vFkZO;oLFkk dk o`gr~ ifjn`';
 d`f"k] m|ksx o lsok {ks= ds izeq[k eqn~ns
 lao`f)] fodkl ,oa vk;kstuk
 vk/kkjHkwr&lajpuk ,oa lalk/ku
 izeq[k fodkl ifj;kstuk;sa
 dk;Zdze ,oa ;kstuk,¡&vuqlwfpr tkfr-] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fiNMk oxZ] vYila[;dksa] fu%'kDrtuksa]
fujkfJrksa] efgykvksaa] cPpksa] o`)tuksa] d`"kdksa ,oa Jfedksa ds fy, jktdh; dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡
foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh
 foKku ds lkekU; vk/kkjHkwr rRo
 bysDVªkWfuDl] dEI;wVlZ] lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh
 mixzg ,oa varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh
 j{kk izkS|ksfxdh
 uSuks&izkS|ksfxdh
 ekuo 'kjhj] vkgkj ,oa iks"k.k] LokLF; ns[kHkky
 i;kZoj.kh; ,oa ikfjfLFkdh; ifjorZu ,oa buds izHkko
 tSo&fofo/krk] tSo&izkS|ksfxdh ,oa vuqokaf'kdh;&vfHk;kaf=dh
 jktLFkku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa d`f"k&foKku] m|ku&foKku] okfudh ,oa i'kqikyu
 jktLFkku esa foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fodkl
rkfdZd foospu ,oa ekufld ;ksX;rk
rkfdZd n{krk ¼fuxeukRed] vkxeukRed] viorZukRed½%&
 dFku ,oa ekU;rk;sa] dFku ,oa rdZ] dFku ,oa fu"d"kZ] dFku&dk;Zokgh
 fo'ys"k.kkRed rdZ{kerk
ekufld ;ksX;rk %&
 la[;k Js.kh] v{kj Js.kh] csesy NkaVuk] dwVokpu ¼dksfMax&MhdksfMax½] laca/kksa] vkd`fr;ksa ,oa muds
mifoHkktu ls tqMh leL;k,¡
vk/kkjHkwr la[;kRed n{krk%&
 xf.krh; ,oa lka[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk izkjfEHkd Kku
 la[;k ls tqMh leL;k,¡ o ifjek.k dk dze] vuqikr rFkk lekuqikr] izfr’kr] lk/kkj.k ,oa pdzo`f)
C;kt]vkadMksa dk fo'ys"k.k ¼lkj.kh] n.M&vkjs[k] js[kkfp=] ikbZ&pkVZ½
lelkef;d ?kVuk,a
 jktLFkku jkT;Lrjh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dh izeq[k lelkef;d ?kVuk,a ,oa eqn~ns
 orZeku esa pfpZr O;fDr ,oa LFkku
 [ksy ,oa [ksydwn laca/kh xfrfof/k;ka

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RAS Exam 2013 Syllabus Pre (hindi version) (हिंदी संस्करण)

  • 1. 1 jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx] vtesj jktLFkku jkT; ,oa v/khuLFk lsok,¡ la;qDr izfr;ksxh ¼izkjfEHkd½ ijh{kk] 2013 ds fy, ijh{kk dh Ldhe%& izkjfEHkd ijh{kk esa uhps fofufnZ"V fo"k; ij ,d iz’u&i= gksxk] tks oLrqfu"B izdkj dk gksxk vkSj vf/kdre 200 vadks dk gksxkA ijh{kk dk mís’; dsoy LØhfuax ijh{k.k djuk gSA iz’ui= dk Lrjeku Lukrd fMxzh Lrj dk gksxkA ,sls vH;fFkZ;ksa }kjk] tks eq[; ijh{kk esa izos’k ds fy, vfgZr ?kksf"kr fd;s x;s gks] izkjfEHkd ijh{kk esa izkIr vadks dks mudk vafre ;ksX;rk Øe vo/kkfjr djus ds fy, laxf.kr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA iz'ui= fo"k; vf/kdre vad le; A lkekU; Kku vkSj lkekU; foKku 200 rhu ?k.Vs uksV%& 1- iz'u i= eas cgqfodYih; izdkj ds 150 iz'u gksaxs o lHkh iz'u leku vad ds gksaxsA 2- ewY;kadu esa _.kkRed vadu fd;k tk,xk] ftlesa izR;sd xyr mRrj ds fy, 1/3 vad dkVs tk,axsA
  • 2. 2 fu/kkZfjr uohu ikB~;dze jktLFkku dk bfrgkl] dyk] laLd`fr] lkfgR;] ijEijk ,oa fojklr  jktLFkku ds bfrgkl dh egÙoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a, izeq[k jktoa'k] mudh iz'kklfud o jktLo O;oLFkkA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd eqn~ns]  Lora=rk vkUnksyu] tutkxj.k o jktuhfrd ,dhdj.k  LFkkiR; dyk dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡& fdys ,oa Lekjd  dyk,¡] fp=dyk,¡ vkSj gLrf'kYi  jktLFkkuh lkfgR; dh egÙoiw.kZ d`fr;k¡] {ks=h; cksfy;k¡  esys] R;kSgkj] yksd laxhr ,oa yksd u`R;  jktLFkkuh laLd`fr] ijEijk ,oa fojklr  jktLFkku ds /kkfeZd vkUnksyu] lar ,oa yksd nsork  egÙoiw.kZ i;ZVu LFky  jktLFkku ds izeq[k O;fDrRo Hkkjr dk bfrgkl izkphudky ,oa e/;dky %&  izkphu ,oa e/;dkyhu Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ ,oa egRoiw.kZ ,sfrgkfld ?kVuk,a  dyk] laLd`fr] lkfgR; ,oa LFkkiR;  izeq[k jktoa'k] mudh iz'kklfud lkekftd o vkfFkZd O;oLFkkA lkekftd&lkaLd`frd eqn~ns] izeq[k vkUnksyu vk/kqfud dky %&  vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼18oha 'krkCnh ds e/; ls orZeku rd½& izeq[k ?kVuk,¡] O;fDrRo ,oa eqn~ns  Lora=rk la?k"kZ ,oa Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; vkUnksyu& fofHkUu voLFkk,¡] buesa ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ds ;ksxnkudrkZ ,oa mudk ;ksxnku  19oha ,oa 20oha 'krkCnh esa lkekftd ,oa /kkfeZd lq/kkj vkUnksyu  Lokra«;ksRrj dky esa jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k ,oa iquxZBu fo’o ,oa Hkkjrdk Hkwxksy fo'o dk Hkwxksy %&  izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,¡  i;kZoj.kh; ,oa ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~ns  oU; tho&tUrq ,oa tSo&fofo/krk  vUrjkZ"Vªh; tyekxZ  izeq[k vkS|ksfxd {ks= Hkkjr dk Hkwxksy%&  izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,a vkSj eq[; Hkw&HkkSfrd foHkktu  d`f"k ,oa d`f"k vk/kkfjr xfrfof/k;k¡  [kfut&yksgk] eaSxuht] dks;yk] [kfut rsy vkSj xSl] vk.kfod [kfut  izeq[k m|ksx ,oa vkS|ksfxd fodkl  ifjogu & eq[; ifjogu ekxZ  izkd`frd lalk/ku  i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,¡ rFkk ikfjfLFkfrdh; eqn~ns
  • 3. 3 jktLFkku dk Hkwxksy  izeq[k HkkSfrd fo'ks"krk,a vkSj eq[; Hkw&HkkSfrd foHkkx  jktLFkku ds izkd`frd lalk/ku  tyok;q] izkd`frd ouLifr] ou] oU; tho&tUrq ,oa tSo&fofo/krk  izeq[k flapkbZ ifj;kstuk,¡  [kku ,oa [kfut lEink,¡  tula[;k  izeq[k m|ksx ,oa vkSS|ksfxd fodkl dh lEHkkouk,¡ Hkkjrh; lafo/kku] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ,oa 'kklu iz.kkyh laoS/kkfud fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku%& Hkkjrh; 'kklu vf/kfu;e& 1919 ,oa 1935] lafo/kku lHkk] Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh izd`fr] izLrkouk ¼mn~nsf';dk½] ekSfyd vf/kdkj] jkT; ds uhfr funZs’kd fl)kar] ekSfyd drZO;] la?kh; <kapk] laoS/kkfud la'kks/ku] vkikrdkyhu izko/kku] tufgr ;kfpdk vkSj U;kf;d iqujkoyksduA Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd O;OkLFkk ,oa 'kklu%&  Hkkjr jkT; dh izd`fr] Hkkjr esa yksdra=] jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu] xBca/ku ljdkjsa] jktuhfrd ny] jk"Vªh; ,dhdj.k  la?kh; ,oa jkT; dk;Zikfydk] la?kh; ,oa jkT; fo/kku e.My] U;k;ikfydk  jk"Vªifr] laln] loksZPp U;k;ky;] fuokZpu vk;ksx] fu;a=d ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd] ;kstuk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; fodkl ifj"kn] eq[; lrZdrk vk;qDr] eq[; lwpuk vk;qDr] yksdiky ,oa jk"Vhª; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx  LFkkuh; Lok;Ùk 'kklu ,oa iapk;rh jkt yksd uhfr ,oa vf/kdkj %&  yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; ds :i esa jk"Vªh; yksduhfr  fofHkUu fof/kd vf/kdkj ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkj&i= jktLFkku dh jktuhfrd ,oa iz'kklfud O;oLFkk  jkT;iky] eq[;ea=h] jkT; fo/kkulHkk] mPp U;k;ky;] jktLFkku yksd lsok vk;ksx] ftyk iz’kklu] jkT; ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx] yksdk;qä] jkT; fuokZpu vk;ksx] jkT; lwpuk vk;ksx  yksd uhfr] fof/kd vf/kdkj ,oa ukxfjd vf/kdkj&i= vFkZ'kkL=h; vo/kkj.kk,¡ ,oa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk vFkZ'kkL= ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr %&  ctV fuekZ.k] cSafdax] yksd&foRr] jk"Vªh; vk;] lao`f) ,oa fodkl dk vk/kkjHkwr Kku  ys[kkadu& vo/kkj.kk] midj.k ,oa iz'kklu esa mi;ksx  LVkWd ,Dlpsat ,oa 'ks;j cktkj  jktdks"kh; ,oa ekSfnzd uhfr;k¡  lfClMh] yksd forj.k iz.kkyh  b&dkWelZ  eqnzkLQhfr& vo/kkj.kk] izHkko ,oa fu;a=.k ra= vkfZFkZd fodkl ,oa vk;kstu %&  iapo"khZ; ;kstuk &y{;] j.kuhfr ,oa miyfC/k;k¡  vFkZO;oLFkk ds izeq[k {ks= %& d`f"k] m|ksx] lsok ,oa O;kikj] orZeku fLFkfr] eqn~ns ,oa igy  izeq[k vkfFkZd leL;k,a ,oa ljdkj dh igy] vkfFkZd lq/kkj ,oa mnkjhdj.k
  • 4. 4 ekuo lalk/ku ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl %&  ekuo fodkl lwpdkad  xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh&vo/kkj.kk] izdkj] dkj.k] funku ,oa orZeku ¶ysxf'ki ;kstuk,a  lkekftd U;k; ,oa vf/kdkfjrk&detksj oxksZa ds fy, izko/kku jktLFkku dh vFkZO;oLFkk  vFkZO;oLFkk dk o`gr~ ifjn`';  d`f"k] m|ksx o lsok {ks= ds izeq[k eqn~ns  lao`f)] fodkl ,oa vk;kstuk  vk/kkjHkwr&lajpuk ,oa lalk/ku  izeq[k fodkl ifj;kstuk;sa  dk;Zdze ,oa ;kstuk,¡&vuqlwfpr tkfr-] vuqlwfpr tutkfr] fiNMk oxZ] vYila[;dksa] fu%'kDrtuksa] fujkfJrksa] efgykvksaa] cPpksa] o`)tuksa] d`"kdksa ,oa Jfedksa ds fy, jktdh; dY;k.kdkjh ;kstuk,¡ foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh  foKku ds lkekU; vk/kkjHkwr rRo  bysDVªkWfuDl] dEI;wVlZ] lwpuk ,oa lapkj izkS|ksfxdh  mixzg ,oa varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh  j{kk izkS|ksfxdh  uSuks&izkS|ksfxdh  ekuo 'kjhj] vkgkj ,oa iks"k.k] LokLF; ns[kHkky  i;kZoj.kh; ,oa ikfjfLFkdh; ifjorZu ,oa buds izHkko  tSo&fofo/krk] tSo&izkS|ksfxdh ,oa vuqokaf'kdh;&vfHk;kaf=dh  jktLFkku ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ esa d`f"k&foKku] m|ku&foKku] okfudh ,oa i'kqikyu  jktLFkku esa foKku ,oa izkS|ksfxdh fodkl rkfdZd foospu ,oa ekufld ;ksX;rk rkfdZd n{krk ¼fuxeukRed] vkxeukRed] viorZukRed½%&  dFku ,oa ekU;rk;sa] dFku ,oa rdZ] dFku ,oa fu"d"kZ] dFku&dk;Zokgh  fo'ys"k.kkRed rdZ{kerk ekufld ;ksX;rk %&  la[;k Js.kh] v{kj Js.kh] csesy NkaVuk] dwVokpu ¼dksfMax&MhdksfMax½] laca/kksa] vkd`fr;ksa ,oa muds mifoHkktu ls tqMh leL;k,¡ vk/kkjHkwr la[;kRed n{krk%&  xf.krh; ,oa lka[;dh; fo'ys"k.k dk izkjfEHkd Kku  la[;k ls tqMh leL;k,¡ o ifjek.k dk dze] vuqikr rFkk lekuqikr] izfr’kr] lk/kkj.k ,oa pdzo`f) C;kt]vkadMksa dk fo'ys"k.k ¼lkj.kh] n.M&vkjs[k] js[kkfp=] ikbZ&pkVZ½ lelkef;d ?kVuk,a  jktLFkku jkT;Lrjh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; egRo dh izeq[k lelkef;d ?kVuk,a ,oa eqn~ns  orZeku esa pfpZr O;fDr ,oa LFkku  [ksy ,oa [ksydwn laca/kh xfrfof/k;ka