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High-density 802.11ac Wi-Fi design and deployment for large public venues
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High-density 802.11ac Wi-Fi design and deployment for large public venues
1.
#ATM15 | Very High
Density 802.11ac Networks Chuck Lukaszewski, CWNE #112 @ArubaNetworks
2.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved2#ATM15 | Agenda • Announcing New Very High Density VRD • 802.11ac vs. 802.11n @VHD • 80-MHz vs. 40-MHz vs. 20-MHz Channels • DFS Channels • New VHD Capacity Planning Methodology • How 802.11 Channels Behave Under High Load • Understanding 802.11 TXOP Airtime Usage • Collision Domains & RF Spatial Reuse
3.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved3#ATM15 | Announcing New Very High Density VRD • 100% 802.11ac • End-to-end system architecture & dimensioning • New capacity planning methodology • Addresses a wide range of customer use cases • Available late March
4.
CONFIDENTIAL © Copyright
2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved4#ATM15 | Modular VRD Structure Different guides for different audiences IT Leaders Carrier Standards Account Managers Customer Engineers Partner & Aruba SEs Install Technicians WLAN Achitects Carrier RF Engineers All Audiences Venue Owners
5.
5#ATM15 | 802.11ac vs.
802.11n @VHD
6.
6 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | How Far We’ve Come • “Coverage” WLANs came first • These evolved into “Capacity” WLANs (with limited HD zones) – 250m2 / 2500 ft2 = 25 devices per cell • BYOD made every capacity WLAN a high-density network – 3 devices/person = 75 per cell • HD WLANs from 2011 are now very high-density (VHD) – 100+ devices per “cell”. Devices may be associated to multiple BSS operators in same RF domain. Waiting for the new Pope in St. Peter’s Square NBC Today Show, February, 2013, http://instagram.com/p/W2BuMLQLRB/
7.
7 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | How Do 802.11ac Features Impact VHD Design? 802.11ac Technology Promise VHD Impact 80-MHz & 160-MHz Channels Increase burst rates for individual STAs None. Stay with 20-MHz channels for VHD areas 256-QAM New MCS rates up to 33% faster Minimal. Rates only usable within ~5m of AP 8 Spatial Streams Peak data rates up to 6.9Gbps None. In future, clients will be mostly capped at 2SS DL MU-MIMO Transmit to 4 STAs at the “same” time TBD until Wave2 in 2016. Sounding overhead offsets gains Frame Aggregation (A-MSDU & A-MPDU) Enable the MAC to keep up with the 802.11ac PHY Minimal. Majority of frames in VHD areas are bursty & small 802.11ac Technology Promise VHD Impact 80-MHz & 160-MHz Channels Increase burst rates for individual STAs None. Stay with 20-MHz channels for VHD areas 256-QAM New MCS rates up to 33% faster Minimal. Rates only usable within ~5m of AP 8 Spatial Streams Peak data rates up to 6.9Gbps None. In future, clients will be mostly capped at 2SS DL MU-MIMO Transmit to 4 STAs at the “same” time TBD until Wave2 in 2016. Sounding overhead offsets gains 802.11ac Technology Promise VHD Impact 80-MHz & 160-MHz Channels Increase burst rates for individual STAs None. Stay with 20-MHz channels for VHD areas 256-QAM New MCS rates up to 33% faster Minimal. Rates only usable within ~5m of AP 8 Spatial Streams Peak data rates up to 6.9Gbps None. In future, clients will be mostly capped at 2SS 802.11ac Technology Promise VHD Impact 80-MHz & 160-MHz Channels Increase burst rates for individual STAs None. Stay with 20-MHz channels for VHD areas 256-QAM New MCS rates up to 33% faster Minimal. Rates only usable within ~5m of AP 802.11ac Technology Promise VHD Impact 80-MHz & 160-MHz Channels Increase burst rates for individual STAs None. Stay with 20-MHz channels for VHD areas
8.
8 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Why 802.11ac Does Matter for VHD 802.11ac Impact Promise VHD Impact Broad-based DFS channel support Open up 15 channels (FCC domains) Add up to 750Mbps of capacity Faster AP CPUs Process small frames and collisions faster Increase channel bandwidth closer to theoretical max More AP memory Larger table sizes Better handle very high BSSID count environments Clients converge to 2SS Increase per-STA burst rate even in narrow channels Get clients off the air faster TxBF Improve SINRs both directions Robustness improvement; client-side CSI feedback 802.11ac Impact Promise VHD Impact Broad-based DFS channel support Open up 15 channels (FCC domains) Add up to 750Mbps of capacity Faster AP CPUs Process small frames and collisions faster Increase channel bandwidth closer to theoretical max More AP memory Larger table sizes Better handle very high BSSID count environments Clients converge to 2SS Increase per-STA burst rate even in narrow channels Get clients off the air faster 802.11ac Impact Promise VHD Impact Broad-based DFS channel support Open up 15 channels (FCC domains) Add up to 750Mbps of capacity Faster AP CPUs Process small frames and collisions faster Increase channel bandwidth closer to theoretical max More AP memory Larger table sizes Better handle very high BSSID count environments 802.11ac Impact Promise VHD Impact Broad-based DFS channel support Open up 15 channels (FCC domains) Add up to 750Mbps of capacity Faster AP CPUs Process small frames and collisions faster Increase channel bandwidth closer to theoretical max 802.11ac Impact Promise VHD Impact Broad-based DFS channel support Open up 16 channels (FCC domains) Add up to 800 Mbps of capacity @ 50Mbps/channel
9.
9#ATM15 | 80-MHz vs.
40-MHz vs. 20-MHz Channel Widths
10.
10 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Why 20-MHz Channels – Reuse Distance • More channels = more distance between same- channel APs
11.
11 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Why 20-MHz Channels – More RF Reasons • Reduced Retries – Bonded channels are more exposed to interference on subchannels • Using 20-MHz channels allows some channels to get through even if others are temporarily blocked • Higher SINRs – Bonded channels have higher noise floors (3dB for 40-MHz, 6dB for 80-MHz) • 20-MHz channels experience more SINR for the same data rate, providing extra link margin in both directions
12.
12 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Why 20-MHz Channels - Performance Which Chariot test will deliver higher goodput? Each test uses the exact same 80-MHz bandwidth Each test uses the exact same number of STAs Both VHT40 BSS will victimize each other with ACI All four VHT20 BSS will victimize each other
13.
13 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | VHT20 Beats VHT40 & VHT80 – 1SS Clients 0 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 200 Mbps 250 Mbps 300 Mbps 5 10 25 50 75 100 Clients VHT20x4 Up VHT20x4 Bidirect VHT40x2 Up VHT40x2 Bidirect VHT80x1 Up VHT80x1 Bidirect Down Up Bidirect VHT80 falls off at 25 STAs VHT40 falls off at 75 STAs
14.
14 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | VHT20 Beats VHT40 & VHT80 – 2SS Clients 200 Mbps 250 Mbps 300 Mbps 350 Mbps 400 Mbps 450 Mbps 500 Mbps 550 Mbps 600 Mbps 650 Mbps 5 10 25 50 75 100 Clients VHT20x4 Up VHT20x4 Bidirect VHT40x2 Up VHT40x2 Bidirect VHT80x1 Up VHT80x1 Bidirect Down Up Bidirect Why? What is the mechanism?
15.
15#ATM15 | DFS Channels: To
Use or Not To Use
16.
16 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | General Rule Use DFS channels in the USA for VHD areas!! • The number of collision domains is the primary constraint on VHD capacity • The number of STAs per collision domain is the second major constraint on capacity • VHD networks are ultimately about tradeoffs The benefit of employing DFS channels almost always* outweighs the cost.
17.
17 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | DFS Usage Exceptions 1. Client capabilities – If more than 15-20% of the expected clients are proven to be 5- GHz capable but unable to use DFS 2. Proven, recurring radar events – A DFS survey with the actual APs to be deployed shows regular events on specific channels. • Just because certain channels are impacted do not rule out the band – Survey should be done at multiple locations & elevations 3. Avoid channel 144 until >50% of STAs can see it
18.
18 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Balancing the Risks & Rewards • Client capabilities • As of 2015, the vast majority of mobile devices shipping in USA support DFS channels • Non-DFS clients will be able to connect due to stacking of multiple channels (although perhaps at lower rates) • It is easily worth it to provide a reduced connect speed to a an unpredictable minority of clients, in exchange for higher connect speeds for everyone else all the time • Radar events • It is worth having a small number of clients occasionally interrupted in exchange for more capacity for everyone all the time
19.
19#ATM15 | New Capacity
Planning Methodology
20.
20 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | System vs. Channel vs. Device Throughput Channel 1 Throughput Channel 2 Throughput Channel X Throughput Per-Device Throughput 2.4 GHz 5 GHzTotal System Throughput + + + +
21.
21 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Total System Throughput Formula Where: • Channels = Number of channels in use by the VHD network • Average Channel Throughput = Weighted average goodput achievable in one channel by the expected mix of devices for that specific facility • Reuse Factor = Number of RF spatial reuses possible. For all but the most exotic VHD networks, this is equal to 1 (e.g. no reuse). 𝑻𝑺𝑻 = 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒔 ∗ 𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒕 ∗ 𝑹𝒆𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
22.
22 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 1 – Choose Channel Count • US allows: • 9 non-DFS channels • 13-16 DFS channels* • Deduct: • Channel 144 • House channel(s) • Proven radar channels • AP-specific channel limitations
23.
23 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 2 – Choose Unimpaired Channel Throughput 0 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 200 Mbps 250 Mbps 1 5 10 25 50 75 100 Simultaneously Transmitting Clients GS4 TCP Up GS4 TCP Bidirect MBA TCP Up MBA TCP Bidirect MBP TCP Up MBP TCP Bidirect Down Up Bidirect Choose spatial stream mix that approximates expected device population
24.
24 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 3 – Apply Impairment Factor VHD Venue Type Suggested 2.4-GHz Impairment Suggested 5-GHz Impairment** Rationale Classroom / Lecture Hall 10% 5% Above average duty cycles Little or no reuse of channels in the same room Structural isolation of same-channel BSS in adjacent rooms Minimal My-Fi usage Convention Center 25% 10% Moderate duty cycles Significant numbers of same-channel APs Large open areas with direct exposure to interference sources Non-Wi-Fi interferers Higher My-Fi usage in booth displays, presenters, attendees Airport 25% 15% Minimal duty cycles (except for people streaming videos) Structural isolation of same-channel BSS in adjacent rooms Heavy My-Fi usage Casino 25% 10% Low duty cycles on casino floor Low My-Fi usage Stadium / Arena 50% 25% Low-to-moderate duty cycles Significant numbers of same-channel APs Large open areas with direct exposure to interference sources Non-Wi-Fi interferers High My-Fi usage
25.
25 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 4 – Choose Reuse Factor RF spatial reuse must be assumed not to exist unless proven otherwise in VHD facilities of 10,000 seats or less (RF = 1). • Reuse factor is the number of devices that can use the same channel at exactly the same time • Reusing channel numbers is not the same as reusing RF spectrum
26.
26 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 5 – Calculate TST By Band VHD Venue Type Suggested 5-GHz ** Suggested 2.4-GHz Lecture Hall 5% 10% Convention Center 10% 25% Airport 15% 25% Casino 10% 25% Stadium / Arena 25% 50% Spatial Stream Mix 50 Concurrent 75 Concurrent 100 Concurrent 1SS Device 50 Mbps 38 Mbps 31 Mbps 2SS Device 100 Mbps 72 Mbps 51 Mbps 3SS Device 158 Mbps 118 Mbps 78 Mbps Channel Type USA 5-GHz Count Non-DFS 9 DFS 11 Total 20 Step 1 - Channels Step 2 – Unimpaired Throughput Step 3 – Impairment # Description Channels Unimpaired Throughput Impaired 5-GHz TP Impaired 2.4-GHz TP Reuse 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 1 Non-DFS Lecture Hall 9 + 3 100Mbps 95Mbps 90Mbps 1 9 * 95Mbps = 855 Mbps 3 * 90Mbps = 270 Mbps 2 DFS Arena 20 + 3 40 Mbps 30 Mbps 20 Mbps 1 20 * 40Mbps = 800 Mbps 3 * 20 Mbps = 60 Mbps 3 DFS Stadium 20 + 3 40 Mbps 30 Mbps 20 Mbps 4 3.2 Gbps 240 Mbps Step 5 – Calculate TST By Band # Description Channels Unimpaired Throughput Impaired 5-GHz TP Impaired 2.4-GHz TP Reuse 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 1 Non-DFS Lecture Hall 9 + 3 100Mbps 95Mbps 90Mbps 1 9 * 95Mbps = 855 Mbps 3 * 90Mbps = 270 Mbps 2 DFS Arena 20 + 3 40 Mbps 30 Mbps 20 Mbps 1 20 * 40Mbps = 800 Mbps 3 * 20 Mbps = 60 Mbps # Description Channels Unimpaired Throughput Impaired 5-GHz TP Impaired 2.4-GHz TP Reuse 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 1 Non-DFS Lecture Hall 9 + 3 100Mbps 95Mbps 90Mbps 1 9 * 95Mbps = 855 Mbps 3 * 90Mbps = 270 Mbps
27.
27 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Per-Device Throughput Formula Where: • Associated Device Capacity (ADC) = Percentage of seating capacity with an active Wi-Fi device * average number of Wi-Fi devices per person. Typically computed per band. • Device Duty Cycle = Average percent of time that any given user device attempts to transmit 𝑨𝑷𝑫𝑻 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝑨𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ∗ 𝑫𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑫𝒖𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆 It is generally impossible to guarantee a specific per-device value in a VHD system.
28.
28 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 1 – Estimate ADC • Start with the seating / standing capacity of the VHD area to be covered • Then estimate the take rate (50% is a common minimum) • Choose the number of devices expected per person. This varies by venue type. It might be lower in a stadium and higher in a university lecture hall or convention center salon. – For example, 50% of a 70,000 seat stadium would be 35,000 devices assuming each user has a single device – 100% of a 1,000 seat lecture hall where every student has an average of 2.5 devices would have an ADC equal to 2,500 • More users should be on 5-GHz than 2.4-GHz. ADC should be computed by frequency band. In general you should target a ratio of 75% / 25%. • Association demand is assumed to be evenly distributed throughout the coverage space.
29.
29 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Step 2 – Choose a Device Duty Cycle • Subjective decision made by the network architect, based on expected user applications • This duty cycle is %Time the user or device wants to perform this activity. • It is not the same as the application duty cycle! Category Duty Cycle User & Device Behavior Examples Background 5% Network keepalive / App phonehome Checking In 10% Web browsing / Checking email / Social updates Semi-Focused 25% Streaming scores / Online exam Working 50% Virtual desktop Active 100% Video streaming / Voice streaming / Gaming
30.
30 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Examples # Description Seats Take Rate Devices / Person ADC 3 DFS Stadium 60K 50% 1 30K # Description Seats Take Rate Devices / Person ADC 1 Lecture Hall 500 75% 2.5 938 # Description Seats Take Rate Devices / Person ADC 2 DFS Arena 20K 50% 1 10K 5-GHz Per-Device Goodput 2.4-GHz Per-Device Goodput 𝟖𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟒𝟔𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟎% = 𝟗 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟒𝟔𝟗 ∗ 𝟐𝟎% = 𝟐. 𝟗 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 5-GHz Per-Device Goodput 2.4-GHz Per-Device Goodput 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎% = 𝟏 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟔𝟎 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟏𝟎% = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑲𝒃𝒑𝒔 5-GHz Per-Device Goodput 2.4-GHz Per-Device Goodput 𝟑. 𝟐 𝑮𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝑲 ∗ 𝟏𝟎% = 𝟏 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑴𝒃𝒑𝒔 𝟕. 𝟓𝑲 ∗ 𝟏𝟎% = 𝟑𝟐𝟎 𝑲𝒃𝒑𝒔 Band Split Duty Cycle 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 50/50 20% 855 Mbps 270 Mbps Band Split Duty Cycle 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 75/25 10% 800 Mbps 60 Mbps Band Split Duty Cycle 5-GHz TST 2.4-GHz TST 75/25 10% 3.2 Gbps 240 Mbps 500 * 75% * 2.5 = 938 938 / 2 = 469 20,000 * 50% * 1 = 10,000 60,000 * 50% * 1 = 30,000 10K * 75% = 7,500 30K * 75% = 22,500 If only 1 or 2 reuses is actually achieved, drops by 50-75%
31.
31#ATM15 | How 802.11
Channels Work Under High Load
32.
32 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Section Agenda • Introduce the Aruba VHD Lab • Review client scaling charts out to 100 STAs • Introduce “contention premium” concept • Break down contention premium using pcaps
33.
33 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Aruba Very High Density Lab
34.
34 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | VHD Lab Testbed Topology
35.
35 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Test SSID Configuration wlan ssid-profile "hdtest100-ssid" essid "HDTest-5" a-basic-rates 24 a-tx-rates 18 24 36 48 54 max-clients 255 wmm wmm-vo-dscp "56" wmm-vi-dscp "40" a-beacon-rate 24 ! wlan ht-ssid-profile "HDtest-htssid-profile" max-tx-a-msdu-count-be 3 ! rf dot11a-radio-profile "hdtest100-11a-pf" channel 100E disable-arm-wids-functions Dynamic ! Minimum recommended VHD control rate Trim out low TX rates Minimum recommended VHD beacon rate Increase A-MSDU Disable WIDS scanning Increase client count
36.
36 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | VHT20 Client Scaling to 100 STAs 0 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 200 Mbps 250 Mbps 1 5 10 25 50 75 100 Clients GS4 TCP Up GS4 TCP Bidirect MBA TCP Up MBA TCP Bidirect MBP TCP Up MBP TCP Bidirect Down Up Bidirect MacBook Pro 3SS BRCM 43460 MacBook Air 2SS BRCM 4360 Galaxy S4 1SS BRCM 4335 Absolute Scale in Bits-per-Second
37.
37 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Straw Poll #1 Is anyone surprised that capacity is inversely proportional to client count?
38.
38 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Straw Poll #2 What is the primary explanation for the drop? 1. Collisions & retries 2. Rate adaptation 3. MAC layer operation 4. Higgs boson
39.
39 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | MIMO Works! 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 1 5 10 25 50 75 100 Throughput(%) Clients GS4 TCP Up GS4 TCP Bidirect MBA TCP Up MBA TCP Bidirect MBP TCP Up MBP TCP Bidirect Down Up Bidirect Normalized to 3SS = 1 2SS is about 66% across the range 1SS is about 33% across the range Relative Scale in Percent
40.
40 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Contention Premium 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 1 5 10 25 50 75 100 Throughput(%) Clients GS4 TCP Up GS4 TCP Bidirect MBA TCP Up MBA TCP Bidirect MBP TCP Up MBP TCP Bidirect Down Up Bidirect 5% - 10% contention premium 30% - 50% 50% - 60% 10% - 30% “Contention premium” is the delta between aggregate goodput for 1 STA as compared with a larger number of STAs.
41.
41 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Is It Inevitable? • CP is a fundamental property of 802.11 • Capacity losses are expected with CSMA-based contention • Or is it? • Why should cutting the pie into more slices shrink the pie by nearly 60%? • Why would there be significantly higher collisions in a clean test environment with a single BSS and a well ordered channel? • And why is the drop so similar for a 3SS laptop that can move over 3X the data in the same airtime as a 1SS smartphone?
42.
42 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Retries Are Not A Major Cause 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 25 50 75 100 Retry Packets Non-Retry MBA 2SS, TCP Up, AP-225, 20-MHz 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 30 50 75 100 Retry Packets Non-Retry MBA 2SS, TCP Down, AP-135, 40-MHz Retries are well under 10% of frames They do not grow Same behavior with 802.11n AP, different channel width, different direction
43.
43 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Control Frame Growth Is Key Factor 28K 48K 70K 74K 84K3K 6K 9K 15K 18K 431K 420K 359K 335K 288K 0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K 300K 350K 400K 450K 500K 1 25 50 75 100 Frames(#) Mgmt Packets Ctrl Packets NDP Packets CRC Errors Data Packets 37K 65K 75K 84K 101K 385K 355K 352K 338K 326K 0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K 300K 350K 400K 450K 500K 1 30 50 75 100 Frames(#) Mgmt Packets Ctrl Packets CRC Errors Data Packets Data frames drop by 34% MBA 2SS, TCP Up, AP-225, 20-MHz MBA 2SS, TCP Down, AP-135, 40-MHz Control frames increase by 3X PS NDP frames increase by 5X Similar behavior with 802.11n AP, different channel width, different direction (NDP not included in this analysis)
44.
44 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Power Save Activity Over 3 ms 16 STAs attempt PS state in 3.1msec; 13 succeed
45.
45 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Average Frame Size Decreases With Load 0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K 300K 350K 400K 450K 500K 1 25 50 75 100 Frames(#) >=2347 2048-2346 1024-2047 512-1023 256-511 128-255 64-127 <64 MBA 2SS, TCP Up, AP-225, 20-MHz TCP Data TCP Ack Control Frames 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 25 50 75 100 Frames(#) >=2347 2048-2346 1024-2047 512-1023 256-511 128-255 64-127 <64
46.
46 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1 25 50 75 100 What Is Driving The Control Frame Growth? NDP NDP NDP NDP NDPRTS RTS RTS RTS RTS CTS CTS CTS CTS CTS BA BA BA BA BA Ack Ack Ack Ack Ack 0K 10K 20K 30K 40K 50K 60K 70K 80K 90K 100K 1 25 50 75 100 Frames(#) MBA 2SS, TCP Up, AP-225, 20-MHz3X more TXOPs = Poor A-MPDU packing efficiency ACKs are for NDPs. Combined total grows from 6.4K 34.2K NDP RTS CTS BA Ack Preceded by SIFS (16usec) Preceded by full arbitration (43usec AIFS + EDCA CW)
47.
47 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Rate Adaptation Is Not A Major Contributor 0K 50K 100K 150K 200K 250K 300K 350K 400K 450K 500K 1 25 50 75 100 Frames(#) 173.3 Mbps 130 Mbps 117 Mbps 115.5 Mbps 104 Mbps 86.5 Mbps 78 Mbps 72 Mbps 39 Mbps 24 Mbps 18 Mbps 12 Mbps 6 Mbps Rate adaptation on data frames NDPs @ 18Mbps Acks @ 12Mbps
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48 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Contention Premium Summary • The principal mechanism behind the contention premium is MAC layer overhead growing with STA count. • Decreased A-MPDU packing efficiency • More TXOPs due to more STAs contending • Airtime efficiency of each TXOP decreases • Power save NDP/Ack growth due to elevated TXOP activity level For any given number of STAs, it is better to divide them across more small channels to minimize this effect.
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49 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Contention Premium Explains the 80/40/20 Result 0 Mbps 50 Mbps 100 Mbps 150 Mbps 200 Mbps 250 Mbps 300 Mbps 5 10 25 50 75 100 Clients VHT20x4 Up VHT20x4 Bidirect VHT40x2 Up VHT40x2 Bidirect VHT80x1 Up VHT80x1 Bidirect Down Up Bidirect Contention premium for 100 STAs/channel is 50-60% C.P. for 50 STAs per channel is 10-30% C.P. for 25 STAs per channel is just 5-10%
50.
50#ATM15 | Understanding 802.11
TXOP Airtime Usage
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51 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | How we usually think of a TXOP TXOP Structure RTS CTS LP A-MPDU BA IFS IFS IFS AIFS EDCACW RTS CTS A-MPDU BA SIFS SIFS SIFS AIFS EDCACW LP LP VP 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 MCS9 TXOP with preambles included BPSK!! BPSK!! BPSK!! BPSK!! LP These diagrams have nothing to do with time!
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52 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | TXOP Scaled to Time (173.3 Mbps Rate) 90 byte A-MPDU (TCP ack) Arbitration 49.6% Payload 13.2% RTS/CTS 23.7% BA 13.5% 3,000 byte A-MPDU (TCP data) Even with 3K frame, payload is only 27.6%. VHT preamble is another 8.8% Best case scenario with no retries. Retries & collisions significantly degrade the payload airtime share.
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53 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | TXOP Time Breakdown (173.3Mbps Rate) MAC Unit Payload Bytes Payload Bits Data Rate (Mbps) Usec % Airtime w/CSMA %Airtime TXOP Only AIFS[BE] 43 11.7% CW[BE] 140 37.9% Legacy Preamble 20 5.4% 10.8% RTS 20 160 18 9 2.4% 4.8% SIFS 16 4.3% 8.6% Legacy Preamble 20 5.4% 10.8% CTS 14 112 18 6 1.7% 3.4% SIFS 16 4.3% 8.6% VHT Preamble 44 12.0% 23.7% 1st A-MPDU Delimiter 4 32 173.3 0 0.1% 0.1% 1st A-MPDU 90 720 173.3 4 1.1% 2.2% SIFS 16 4.3% 8.6% Legacy Preamble 20 5.4% 10.8% BA 32 256 18 14 3.9% 7.7% Total Airtime including CSMA 1280 368 100.0% 100.0% Airtime for TXOP only 186 Effective TXOP Rate (Mbps) including CSMA 3.5 Effective TXOP Rate (Mbps) for TXOP only 6.9 MAC Unit Payload Bytes Payload Bits Data Rate (Mbps) Usec % Airtime w/CSMA %Airtime TXOP Only AIFS[BE] 43 8.6% CW[BE] 140 27.8% Legacy Preamble 20 4.0% 6.2% RTS 20 160 18 9 1.8% 2.8% SIFS 16 3.2% 5.0% Legacy Preamble 20 4.0% 6.2% CTS 14 112 18 6 1.2% 1.9% SIFS 16 3.2% 5.0% VHT Preamble 44 8.8% 13.7% 1st A-MPDU Delimiter 4 32 173.3 0 0.0% 0.1% 1st A-MPDU 3000 24000 173.3 138 27.6% 43.3% SIFS 16 3.2% 5.0% Legacy Preamble 20 4.0% 6.2% BA 32 256 18 14 2.8% 4.4% Total Airtime including CSMA 24560 503 100.0% 100.0% Airtime for TXOP only 320 Effective TXOP Rate (Mbps) including CSMA 48.9 Effective TXOP Rate (Mbps) for TXOP only 76.7 90 Byte A-MPDU 3,000 Byte A-MPDU Payload is 1.2% without the preamble Arbitration is 49.6% using default CWmin[BE] The “effective” data rate for the TXOP is just 3.5Mbps Payload increases to 27.6% Faster rates reduce airtime TXOP effective rate is just 28% of the payload rate!!
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54 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | TXOP Scaled to Time (866.7 Mbps Rate) - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 AIFS+ CW[BE] 183us RTS+ CTS 87us VHT Preamble & A-MPDU 2,707us ---- BA 50us A-MPDU of 64 x 4,500B MPDUs Arbitration 6% Payload 89.4% RTS/CTS 2.9% BA 1.7% By design, the 802.11 MAC only achieves high efficiency with large A-MPDUs
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55 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Typical Frame Size – Office Environment 30 minute capture, 6 Channels >80% of frames under 256B
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56 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Typical Frame Size – Office Environment 30 minute capture, 6 Channels >80% of frames under 256B <5% of frames over 1KB >80% of frames under 256B <15% of frames over 512B
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57 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Typical Frame Sizes – Football Stadium 10 minute capture, 7 Channels
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58 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Typical Frame Types – Football Stadium 10 minute capture, 7 Channels 60% are control frames 23% are data frames
59.
59 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Importance of Maximizing Payload Data Rates • VHT preambles consume as much or more airtime for common TCP frame sizes • Even large frames at 80-MHz rates barely equal the VHT preamble time • Retries are expensive 1SS VHT20 must be >500B to equal preamble time Preamble time blows away payload time for all small packets MPDU must be >=3KB to match preamble time
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60 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Importance of Reducing Control & Mgmt Rates • Increasing minimum rate can greatly reduce airtime used by control frames • Multiplier effect at high STA counts due to control frame growth
61.
61 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Effect of Beacon Rates in High-BSSID Facilities 1 2 3 1 0.44% 0.89% 1.33% 5 2.22% 4.44% 6.67% 10 4.44% 8.89% 13.33% 15 6.67% 13.33% 20.00% 20 8.89% 17.77% 26.66% 25 11.11% 22.22% 33.33% 30 13.33% 26.66% 39.99% 35 15.55% 31.10% 46.66% 40 17.77% 35.55% 53.32% 45 20.00% 39.99% 59.99% 50 22.22% 44.43% 66.65% APs per Channel Number of SSIDs 1 2 3 1 0.19% 0.38% 0.57% 5 0.95% 1.90% 2.86% 10 1.90% 3.81% 5.71% 15 2.86% 5.71% 8.57% 20 3.81% 7.62% 11.43% 25 4.76% 9.52% 14.28% 30 5.71% 11.43% 17.14% 35 6.67% 13.33% 20.00% 40 7.62% 15.23% 22.85% 45 8.57% 17.14% 25.71% 50 9.52% 19.04% 28.56% APs per Channel Number of SSIDs 1 2 3 1 0.16% 0.32% 0.48% 5 0.80% 1.59% 2.39% 10 1.59% 3.18% 4.78% 15 2.39% 4.78% 7.16% 20 3.18% 6.37% 9.55% 25 3.98% 7.96% 11.94% 30 4.78% 9.55% 14.33% 35 5.57% 11.14% 16.71% 40 6.37% 12.73% 19.10% 45 7.16% 14.33% 21.49% 50 7.96% 15.92% 23.88% APs per Channel Number of SSIDs 1 2 3 1 0.13% 0.26% 0.38% 5 0.64% 1.28% 1.92% 10 1.28% 2.56% 3.84% 15 1.92% 3.84% 5.76% 20 2.56% 5.12% 7.68% 25 3.20% 6.40% 9.59% 30 3.84% 7.68% 11.51% 35 4.48% 8.96% 13.43% 40 5.12% 10.23% 15.35% 45 5.76% 11.51% 17.27% 50 6.40% 12.79% 19.19% APs per Channel Number of SSIDs Revolution Wi-Fi Capacity Planner, http://www.revolutionwifi.net/capacity-planner. Reprinted with permission. 6 Mbps Beacon Rate 18 Mbps Beacon Rate 24 Mbps Beacon Rate 36 Mbps Beacon Rate
62.
62#ATM15 | Collision Domains
& RF Spectrum Reuse
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63 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | What Is A Collision Domain? • A physical area in which 802.11 devices attempting to send can decode one another’s frame preambles. • A moment in time. • Two nearby stations on the same channel will not collide if they send at different times. • Dynamic regions that are constantly moving in space and time based on which devices are transmitting A collision domain is therefore an independent block of capacity in an 802.11 system.
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64 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | How We Normally Draw Collision Domains Typical cell diagram showing radius of cell edge
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65 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | How Collision Domains Actually Work Standard rate vs. range curve (MCS rates) Decode limit for high-rate control frames Preamble interference range for all frames
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66 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Preamble Interference Radius Is HUGE
67.
67#ATM15 | Summary &
Review
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68 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Summary – Maximizing VHD Capacity • Use every possible channel 20-MHz channel width + DFS • Spread the clients evenly across all the channels RF design / Steering features • Maximize rates of repetitive frame types Trim low basic & TX rates / Raise beacon rates / unicast conversion • Facilitate aggregation Jumbo frames / Increase A-MSDU / Increase TCP window sizes • Eliminate unnecessary TX/RX Broadcast-multicast filters / Probe filtering / RX sensitivity tuning • Use top-down capacity planning to force a system-level viewpoint
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69 CONFIDENTIAL ©
Copyright 2015. Aruba Networks, Inc. All rights reserved#ATM15 | Sign up, save $200! arubanetworks.com/atmosphere2016 Give feedback! … Before You Go atmosphere 2016
70.
THANK YOU 70#ATM15 |
@ArubaNetworks
Notas do Editor
This talk is focused on channel utilization, airtime management and capacity planning. It does not cover RF design.
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Contention premium is a fundamental property of 802.11
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
This is without retries, assuming all goes well.
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
Make networks mobility-defined instead of fixed
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