The document discusses the key elements of communication according to several scholars. It describes communication as the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver, with six main elements: the sender, message, channel, treatment of the message, receiver, and feedback. It provides details on each of these elements, such as the sender deciding on the message and how to deliver it with the receiver in mind. It also discusses Claude Shannon's model of communication which includes an information source, encoder, channel, decoder, and destination. The document provides examples and explanations of each communication concept.

1. Dr. Arpita Sharma
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Agricultural Communication, College of Agriculture
GBPUA&T, Pantnagar
Email Id: sharmaarpita615@gmail.com

2. Communication
 According to John W. Newstrom, communication is
the transfer of information from one person to
another. He believes that it is a way of reaching other
by transmitting idea, facts, thoughts, feelings and
values.

3. Elements of Communication
 There are six elements of Communication which
includes:
Sender/encoder
Message
Channel
Treatment of Message
Receiver/decoder
Feedback/Audience Response

4. 1. Sender/Communicator/Encoder
 The sender also known as the encoder decides on the
message to be sent, the best/most effective way that it
can be sent. All of this is done bearing the receiver in
mind. It is his/her job to conceptualize.
Credibility means trustworthiness and competence.
Characteristics of good communicator:
1- Objective.
2-Audience
3-Message
4-Organization and treatment of message.
5-Professional abilities and limitation.

5. Role of an individual
 Audience and its welfare.
 Message and how it can help the people.
 Results of communication and their evaluation.
 Communication process.
 Communication channel.
 Improvement of communication skills.
 Individual has skill in selecting messages, treating
messages, expressing messages, understanding the
audience, collecting evidences of results.

6. 2. Message
Message should clearly state what to do, how to do and when to do and what
would be the result.
 A good message should be:
 In-Line
 Clear
 Significant
 Specific
 Simply stated.
 Accurate
 Timely
 Applicable
 Adequate
 Handled by the communicator.

7. 3. Channel
 The channel is that which is responsible for the
delivery of the chosen message form. For example post
office, internet, radio.
Channel of the communication constitutes the
medium through which information flows from
sender to receiver.

8. According to form
 Spoken
 Farm and Home visit
 Farmers Call
 Meetings
 Radio Talk
 Written
 Personal letter
 Farm publication
 Newspaper

9. According to nature of personnel
involved
 Personal localite: Local leader, Local people
 Personal Cosmopolite: Communication channel
from outside the social system of the receiver.
 Impersonal cosmopolite: Communication
channel from outside the social system of the
receiver and at the same time no personal face to
face contact is involved.

10. According to nature of contact with
the people
 Individual contact: Farm visit, farmers’ Call, personal
letter.
 Group Contact: Group meetings, Small Group
Training, Study tour.
 Mass contact: Mass Meetings, Exhibition, Radio,
Television.

11. 4. Treatment and presentation
 Treatment means the way a message is processed so
that the information gets across the audience.
 The purpose of treatment is to make the message
clear, understandable and realistic to the
audience.
 Presentation means how the message is
communicated or placed before the audience.
 Treatment and presentation of the message shall
depend to great extent on choice of the channel and
nature of the audience.

12. 5. Receiver/ Audience/ Decoder
 The receiver or the decoder is responsible for
extracting/decoding meaning from the message. The
receiver is also responsible for providing feedback to
the sender. In a word, it is his/her job to interpret.
 The audience or receiver of message is the target of
communication.

13. 6. Audience response
 Response of the audience is the ultimate objective of
any communication function.
 Response of an audience to message received may be
in the form of some kind of action, mental and
physical.
 Variety of responses:
 Understanding vs knowledge.
 Acceptance vs Rejection.
 Remembering vs Forgetting.
 Mental vs Physical Action.

14. Feedback
 This is important as it determines whether or not the
decoder grasped the intended meaning and whether
communication was successful.
Feedback means carrying some significant response of
the audience back to the communicator.
Feedback is source oriented.
Varies in different communication situation.

15. Noise
 This is any factor that inhibits the conveyance of a
message. That is, anything that gets in the way of the
message being accurately received, interpreted and
responded to. Noise may be internal or external.
 Information which is relevant to a particular set of
audience constitutes the message, otherwise for them
that is noise.

16.  A student worrying about an incomplete assignment
may not be attentive in class (internal noise) or the
sounds of heavy rain on a galvanized roof may inhibit
the reading of a storybook to second graders (external
noise).

17. Claude Shannon
 Born in 1916
 Known as the “Father of Information Theory”
 1932 –University of Michigan
(1) Electrical engineering (2) Mathematics
 1937 – Founding both digital computer and digital circuit
design theory
 1938 – Master Degree ; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT)

18.  American Mathematician, ”The mathematical theory of
communication”
 Objectives:
 To discover how communication messages could be converted
into electronic signals efficiently
 Identify the quickest and most efficient way to get a message
from one point to another
 How to transmit signals with a minimum error.

19. Shannon’s Elements of
Communication Process
 Information Source
 Encoder
 The channel
 Decoder
 Receiver
 Destination

20. Sender : Ryan Gosling
“Come Here, I want To See You.”
Encoder : Telephone (Ryan Gosling)
Channel : Cable
Noise : Distraction in voice
(workplace noises)
Reception: Telephone (Assistant)
Receiver : Assistant
Received: “I want” only.
Practical Example of Shannon model communication
process

21. The basic chart of Shannon’s theory of
communication
Process Process

22. In-depth communication process
With noise
With multilevel
encoding/decoding

23. What she said:
I like apples. Do you want to go buy some
apples with me?
(while communicating at a farm)
What you heard:
I like apples. Do you want to go burn houses
with me?

24. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING
