Landscape architecture involves designing outdoor public and private spaces to achieve environmental, social, or aesthetic goals. Key philosophies that influenced garden design include Chinese, Islamic, and Japanese styles. Chinese gardens aim to provide a spiritual connection to nature through careful placement of elements like rocks, water, and plants according to principles of feng shui. Japanese rock gardens use sparse elements like moss and raked gravel to symbolize nature. Landscape design principles address the use of color, form, sight lines, scale, and texture to influence a space.

2. Contents
Definition
scope
PHILOSOPHY
WHY DO WE NEED LANDSCAPING?
Landscape Design & Principles
Chinese
Gardens
Examples of Chinese gardens

3. Definition

4. Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor
public areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve
environmental, social-behavioral, or aesthetic
outcomes.
A practitioner in the profession of landscape
architecture is called a landscape architect.

5. scope

6. scope:
- urban design
- site planning
- storm-water management
- town or urban planning
- environmental restoration
- parks and recreation planning
- visual resource management
- green infrastructure planning and provision
- residence landscape master planning and
design

7. PHILOSOPHY

8. ANCIENT GARDEN
ISLAMIC GARDEN
JAPANESE/ROCK/ZEN GARDEN
CHINESE GARDEN
EUROPEAN GARDEN : FRENCH
BAROQUE
NEO NUSANTARA/TRADITIONAL
BALI
SACRET GARDEN

9. ISLAMIC GARDEN
The Islamic notion of paradise
included water, shade, flowers
and fruit trees.
It was an enclosed garden,
shutting out the harshness of
the surrounding landscape.
There were no
representational sculptures.
)التماثيل محرمة (
Shade was provided by
canopies and pavilions.
Fractal geometry has been a
key utility, especially for
mosques and palaces.
The role of domes in Islamic
architecture.

10. ISLAMIC GARDEN

11. JAPANESE/ROCK/ZENGARDEN
Gardens were influenced
mainly by Zen Buddhism,
Taoism and Shintoism.
All of the gardens are
representations of nature.
The Buddhist influence makes
the garden a quiet place,
allowing people to look back
and reflect upon themselves, or
meditate.
Bonsai trees.
The essential elements to a
Japanese garden--water, garden
plants, stones, waterfalls, trees,
and bridges.

12. JAPANESE/ROCK/ZENGARDEN

13. CHINESE GARDEN
The Chinese (Scholar's) Garden is
a place for solitary or social
contemplation of nature.
To be considered authentic, a
garden must be built and planned
around seventeen essential
elements.
The design of Chinese gardens
was to provide a spiritual utopia
for one to connect with nature, to
come back to one's inner heart, to
come back to ancient idealism.
They used plants as symbols.
Bamboo was used in every
traditional Chinese garden.
This is because bamboo
represents a strong but resilient
character.

14. CHINESE GARDEN

15. NEO NUSANTARA/TRADITIONAL
Malaysian Garden (Neo
Nusantara) is its outdoor
living designs concept, which
is based primarily on
Malaysian culture and craft.
Tropical garden concept
which is rich in cultures and
diverse traditions for your
garden for home.
It is a sanctuary and a place
where you can rejuvenate
your sense of sight, sound,
touch, smell, and taste.

16. CHINESE GARDEN

17. WHY DO WE NEED LANDSCAPING?

18. Can increase esthetic
value and beautification
for indoor and outdoor
landscape.

20. Fences serve several
purposes for your home.
A nice fence can not only
keep pets & children in
your yard, but they can
also be a beautiful way of
marking property lines,
giving privacy from
neighbours, or even just
an accent to your
landscaping.

23. Landscape Design & Principles
generally

24. The 5 basic elements of landscape design
are:
Color
Form
Line of sight
Scale or balance
Texture

25. Color
Color theory is often used in landscape
design by dividing the color spectrum into 4
categories:
Primary : reds, yellows and blues.
Secondary : greens, violets (purples) and
oranges.
Tertiary : Mixtures of the primary and
secondary categories.
Neutral : White, grays and silvers.

26. The spectrum is shown as a wheel, divided into slices that stand for the colors.
Using color theory landscapers use this wheel:
to choose adjacent colors
in the spectrum to provide
unity
or juxtapose items directly
across from each other on
the wheel for contrast.

27. A simple way to achieve unity is to:
match warm colors to warm colors
(red, yellow and orange)
Cool Colors to cool colors (blue,
purple and green).

28. Proper use of color theory can influence the mood felt in a yard.
warm colors tend to
excite the viewer
colors like red are
natural for focal points
cool colors are more
likely to relax the viewer.
colors like blue are
a logical choice for
meditation gardens.

29. Beginning gardeners plant
their favorite colors with little
or no planning
advanced gardeners use the
color theory to make their
plantings create mood and
style!

30. form
In landscape design terminology, form is the shape of a plant.
Upright
oval
columnar
spreading
broad spreading
weeping
بشكل مستقيم
بيضوي
عمودي
نشر
واسع الانتشار
البكاء

31. Tall plants create a vertical look, drawing the eye upward
Low spreading plants draw
the eye to the horizon.
Use individual specimen plants
to break monotony and create
interest.
A mixture of a variety of form
becomes confusing

32. Line of sight
The line of sight is the viewer's
eye movement or flow being
influenced by the arrangement
of plants and their borders.
Eye movement is
unconsciously affected by the
way plant groupings fit or flow
together, both on the horizontal
and vertical planes.

33. Hedges or rows of plants
direct the attention to a focal
point or specific area
Meandering lines or curves
slow movement and create a
natural, undisturbed feeling.

34. Scale and Balance
the visual relationship of the landscape components, relative to size.
Equal sizes on both sides of the landscape gives balance

35. Symmetrical – the repeating of the
elements on either side of an axis (an
imaginary central line)
Asymmetrical – equal size or weight
on both sides of the axis, without
repeating specific elements

36. texture is the touch or visual surface quality of
an object, or plant
The texture of a plant's foliage or bloom can
be viewed as coarse, medium or fine.
T
e
x
t
u
r
e

37. Chinese Gardens

38. Classical Chinese garden also can be called traditional
Chinese
garden.
With its long history, rich cultural significance, special
characteristics, and charming artistic enchantment, it has
been regarded the most important and leading gardening
system among the gardening systems in the world.
The Chinese consider gardens a serious art .
The art of the Chinese garden is closely related to
Chinese landscape painting - it is not a literal imitation
of a natural landscape, but the capturing of its essence
and spirit. It is a landscape painting in three dimensions
The garden is created by the human hand, but should
appear as if created by heaven.

39. Now China has about 1,000 classical
gardens. The most important examples
of Chinese landscape gardens are
located in
Beijing, Chengde
and cities
south of
the Yangtze
river such as
Suzhou and
Wuxi.

40. History of classical Chinese
garden
The art of Chinese garden has a history of
more than 3,000 years. The Records of the
Historian, tells that in the Shang Dynasty, there
were special places, called “You” ，for the
rulers to enjoy the beauty of nature.
After Emperor Qin Shihuang of the Qin
Dynasty(221BC-206BC) unified China,
Shanglin Garden was built. It shows that the
garden was called ‘yuan’.

41. In the Western Han Dynasty people begun to
build private gardens.
The development of classical Chinese garden
during the 400 years in the Han Dynasty laid
the foundation for the art of Chinese
gardens.
In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the art of
Chinese garden matured.
Private gardens in the Song Dynasty also
developed rapidly.

42. The
characteristics

43. The creation of classical Chinese gardens depended
on mountains, rivers, buildings,plants, animals and
even the weather.
In these gardens usually the ground is like that of a
mountain area.
This kind of garden layout imitates real terrain.
The hills in classical gardens provide natural
surroundings for visitors.
Looking at the hills, people feel as if they live in a
mountains area and enjoy the beauty and stillness of
nature.

44. Rocks
Water
Plants
Structures
Elements for creating the
garden

45. Decorative rocks, sometimes termed Chinese
scholar’s rocks , are used both for structural and
sculptural purposes.
The sculptural Taihu rock is especially prized
because it represents wisdom and immortality, and is
only procurable from Tai Lake, just west of Suzhou.
During the Song dynasty, they were the most
expensive objects in the empire. Such rocks,
combined with streams and pools, form the basis of a
garden's plan
The Chinese word for landscape, shan shui, literally
means "mountains and waters" while a common
phrase for making a garden means "digging ponds
and piling mountains".
Rocks

46. Rocks

47. Water is the blood of a traditional Chinese garden.
The most important element of a garden is water, in
any form: ponds, lakes, streams, rivers and water-falls.
The movement of flowing water gives pulsating life
to the garden’s cliff, stones, bushes and flowers.
Water

48. Water

49. Trees and flowers, especially in private gardens, are carefully
selected
for the overall layout of the gardens, because of the limited
space.
Plants and flowers reflecting the beauty of the four seasons are
planted.
In spring, peach trees blossom;
in summer, lotuses blossom;
in autumn, the maple leaves change color;
and in winter, the evergreen, bamboo and plum trees provide
greenery.
Among the most popular flowers are lotuses, peonies,
chrysanthemums and orchids.
Special flowers are planted to attract bees and butterflies.
These small insets make the gardens more lively.
Plants

50. peony
lotus
e
plum
Azalea
Plants

51. Among the most important structures of garden
ground are walkways, pavilions and bridges.
Timber frame construction plays a decisive
role here. Pavilion-like houses have neither a
harsh nor dominant effect, but rather bend
effortlessly into their general surroundings.
More specificly, we can divide the structures in
classical Chinese gardens into the following :
Lobby, Corridor ,Parlour, Waterside Kiosk ,Storied
Chamber , Bridge ,Storied Pavilion , Pagoda, Kiosk ,
Wall .
Structures

52. Categories of classical Chinese garden

53. There are two major ways to classify Chinese gardens.
First, they can be classified into imperial gardens and private
gardens according the ownerships of the gardens.
Second, in terms of geographical location,
there are northern garden, which are mostly found in Luoyang,
Kaifeng, and Beijing, with those in Beijing as representatives;
gardens in the lower Yangtze River valley, which are mostly found in
Nanjing, Wuxi, Suzhou and Hangzhou, with those in Suzhou as the most
representative; and the Lingnan school of gardens, which are found in
Guangzhou, Dongguan and Shunde.
Categories

54. Ways of creating the garden’s View
Generally speaking, the Chinese architectuers often
use the following ways to creat a garden and recreate
the nature.
obstructive scenery
( blocking view ) ,
adding the view,
vista line (vista) , opposite scenery (view in opposite
place) ,
enframed scenery , leaking through scenery ,
borrowed scenery, view borrowing .

55. Japanese
gardens

56. Japanese gardens are a combination of many complex factors like
history ,
social structure and religion.
The Japanese people were relatively late developers in the field of
horticulture and creating gardens when compared with other
civilizations.
Core values of Japanese gardening have been largely shaped by
Chinese culture and tradition.
Religion ,in particular Buddhism ,also had a major influence on
Japanese gardening.
According to Shintoism ,the native religion of Japan everything in
nature is sacred; trees, plants, and rocks.
They used white gravel in temples as to keep areas clean and white
as a means of enticing the spirits and gods to visit these places.
Shintoism is not much the worship of rocks ,but the veneration of
the spirit that created those obje cحt وs لتبجيل ا.لر

57. Types of Japanese Gardens
1. The large park or stroll gardens (which
are in effect public parks with ponds and lakes).
2. The Zen temple gardens (which are usually
dry landscape gardens).
3. Tea gardens.
4. Courtyard gardens.

58. Legacy of ancient Chinese imperial park
tradition .
The Chinese imperial hunting parks complete
with vast man-made lakes and miniature
mountains and islands.
Stroll Gardens

59. The imperial gardens were created on a massive
scale and filled with all manner of choice
indigenous plants, shrubs, and trees.

60. Zen Gardens
Also described as “gardens of emptiness”, Not
gardens in conventional sense of word, but sublime
works of art.
Generally, a garden that has nothing but a few bare
rocks in patch of sand.

61. On first impression tea
garden appears to be
simply a small Japanese
garden consisting of a
few stepping stones
plus a lantern, water
basin and tiny hut.
Tea gardens

62. The traditional tea garden is in fact two garden
in one.
There is the simple outer garden, where guest
gather in a waiting area, and the inner garden
that contains the tea house.

63. The outer garden is
approached by a
stepping stone path, lit
by a rough stone
lantern.
The tea garden is
essentially a small garden
no bigger than the
passage way of a normal
suburban house including
the backyard.
The stepping stone path
leads to the waiting area
which has a simple hut like
structure with a bench
often referred to as the
waiting pavilion.

64. The entrance area, which
incorporates the stepping
stone path is the outer
garden.
Beyond this is the inner
garden, which has the tea
house

65. The Japanese
courtyards are not
large areas, in
fact are very
small spaces
seldom more than
fifty to a hundred
square feet in
size.
Courtyard
garden

66. A simple arrangement of
gravel and a few rocks
or just a minimalist
planting of bamboo or
rush will do the trick.

67. DESIGN PRINCIPLE

68. A common design principle found in most Japanese
garden is the use of asymmetry.
Plants and trees are often arranged in an
asymmetric fashion, as are fences and hedges.
asymmetry

69. The clever use of space is unique where empty
spaces are deliberately left unfiled to create
feeling of spaciousness and uncluttered calm.
empty spaces

70. In this type of garden you will not find any plant or
water but it is present in a symbolic sense:
Symbolis
m

71. Plants are represented
by moss that surrounds
the rock.
Water is represented by
raked gravel

72. There are three indispensable or key
elements without which a Japanese
garden cannot be made:
1-Rocks
2-Plants
3-Water
Other subsidiary elements:
Fences
Gates
Lanterns
Paths
Elements of Japanese garden

73. The trees and plants are chosen not just for their
beauty and gracefulness but also for their symbolism.
The deep greens of pines symbolize timeless and
longevity, while the colors of the maples and cherries
reflect the changing seasons.
Plant
s

74. Types
Aucuba japonica:
evergreen shrub which come
in many varieties ranging
from deep green to variegated
golden foliage.
It is a tough plant and
can survive in poor
soil and dry conditions.

75. Cotoneaster: السفرجلية
low spreading bush with colorful berries and lovely
foliage.
Types

76. Choisya ternata: جويزيا تيرناتا
it is evergreen and has lovely glossy foliage
and that is aromatic and very fragrant flowers,
popularly known as Mexican orange.
Types

77. Azaleas: الأزاليات
a semi evergreen shrub, bloom in April and
early may and are mostly pink, white and purple
in color.
Types

78. Viburnum:
الويبرنوم
they all have very interesting foliage and flowers with
a typical large garden tree in japan.
Types

79. Nandina domestica:
sometimes called the sacred bamboo, very
graceful plant and semi evergreen which is
grown both for its beautiful foliage and crimson
berries.
Types

80. Fatsia japonica:
large dark green glossy leaves, good for shady
areas, often seen as a house plant this makes it
a fine shrub.
Types

81. Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew):
they make extremely handsome trees as they
are easy to maintain and slow growing,
Types

82. Pinus thumbergii (black pine):
it is the most popular pine for
garden work in Japan.
The needles are deep green
and the bark almost jet black.

83. Pinus parviflora (white pine): it is a compact tree
with grayish white needles and branches that
forms beautiful distinctive pads.

84. Acers: it is a small tree but in mountains of
Japan they can grow as tall as eighty feet.

85. The rocks are like the coordinates of a garden project.
Choosing the right type of rock and positioning them
on right place.
Rock
s

86. Choice of rocks: size shape color,
and texture…
Size is meaningful only when viewed in the context of the
scale of the garden & its relationship with the
neighboring rocks and other artifacts.
Variation in rock sizes offer greater contrast & interest
resulting in the more dynamic arrangement of rocks.
Rock
s

87. Rocks are often used to represent islands
and mountains, so conical or dome shape
would be the obvious choice.
Colors, generally bright colors are avoided.
Color of rocks generally varies from grey to
black, and from yellow to brick red on
other hand.
Rock
s

88. Texture, one of the vital characteristics of
any rock.
A jagged textured rock gives feeling of
timelessness and dignity.
Smooth rocks like water worn stones or
glacial boulders convey the feeling of
antiquity especially when combined in an
interesting shape.
Rock
s

89. Placement of rocks :
Placing of rocks in Japanese gardens is quite rhythmic
just like a music composition where individual rocks acts
as musical notes.
Certain guidelines or ground rules are followed to
achieve good results such as :
Rock
s
Rocks of varying sizes are used to emphasize the
contrast.
Generally asymmetric arrangement of rocks is preferred
over symmetrical arrangement.
Sometimes there is a tradition for arranging the rocks to
reflect the philosophical concept heaven, earth and
man.

90. Water is used not just for its visual quality, but also for its
sound.
The Japanese have learnt to exploit the sound of water in
all its various form.
it varies from powerful waterfall to water falling into a water
basin, creating different emotions.
water

91. Lanterns ,bridges, fences, water basins and
even stepping stones and paths come in the
category.
Fences and paths are uniquely Japanese
Accessorie
s

92. Accessorie
s

93. Accessorie
s

94. Examples of Chinese gardens

95. Examples of Chinese gardens

96. Examples of Chinese gardens

97. Examples of Chinese gardens

98. Examples of Chinese gardens

99. Examples of Chinese gardens

100. Examples of Chinese gardens

101. Done by
arch. Ala’a Al-
Barmawi