class 12th biology investigatory project on reproductive health

1. REPRODUCTIVE
HEALTH
AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
BY – Aradhya Agrawal
TO – Mrs. Majinder Kaur Ma’am

2. This is to certify that Aradhya Agarwal of class 12th, Gwalior Glory
High School has completed her investigatory project on
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH under my supervision. she has taken
utmost care and sincerity to complete this project.
I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the latest
guidelines issued by the CBSE Delhi
Biology Teacher
Mrs. Majinder Kaur

3. I respect and thank Mrs. Majinder ma’am for providing
me an opportunity to do the project and giving us all
the support and guidance, which made me complete the
project duty. I am incredibly thankful to her for
providing such nice support and guidance, although she
was busy managing the corporate affairs schedule. Also,
a very special thanks to our respective principal mam
Mrs. Rajeshwari Sawant for her support.
Aradhya Agrawal
XII- A

4. ❑ Introduction - Reproductive Health
❑ Population Explosion and Birth control
❑ Contraceptive Methods –
• Natural method
• Physical/barrier method
• Intra Uterine method
• Oral Contraceptive
• Injection/Implants
• Surgical Methods
❑ Medical termination of Pregnancy
❑ Sexually transmitted Disease
❑ Infertility
• In Vitro Fertilisation
• Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
• Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
• Artificial Insemination
❑ Bibliography
❑ Conclusion

5. • It is the state of physical, emotional, behavioural, and social fitness for leading a
reproductive life.
• According to WHO: A total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical,
emotional, behavioural, and social.
• India was among the 1st countries to initiate actions & plans to attain total reproductive
health as a social goal. These programs are called ‘ ‘FAMILY PLANNING ' - initiated in 1951.
• Improved programs covering reproduction-related areas are in operation- ' Reproductive
& Child Health Care Programs ' (RCH).
• Create awareness about various reproduction aspects & provide facilities and support to
build a reproductively healthy society
• Creating awareness among people involving family members, close relations, and friends
with the help of audio-visuals & print media
• Providing proper information about sex, reproductive organs, adolescence & related
changes, safe & hygienic sexual practices, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), AIDS, etc.
in schools and societies.
• Educating people about birth control options, care of pregnant women, post-natal care of
mother & child, the importance of breastfeeding, and equal importance to both male &
female children which help in making a socially conscious healthy society
• Creating Awareness about uncontrolled population growth and social evils- help to build a
socially responsible healthy society.
• Statutory ban on Amniocentesis which was used illegally to check the sex of foeticide.
• Researches on reproduction-related areas, supported by gov. & non - governmental
agencies to improve/find new methods upon the existing ones. Saheli (Contraceptive) -
Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI)

6. • The increase in size and growth of the human population is called
population explosion.
• India’s population was 350 million at independence and now is 2nd
most populated country with 1.39 billion people as of May 2020
i.e.17.7%of total world population
• There is an Alarming growth rate causing scarcity of basic
requirements ( food, shelter & clothing ).
Reasons for the high population explosion are:-
, 1 . Decline in death rate.
2 . Longer life span.
3 . Decline in maternal mortality rate ( MMR )
4 . Decline in infant mortality rate ( IMR )
5. Some religious beliefs against birth control.
6. Lack of reproductive health knowledge.
Steps to overcome population explosion:-
1 . Motivating families about contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted
pregnancies
2. Creating awareness through media, posters/bills-Hum Do
Hamare Do ( we two, our two )
3. Encouraging young, urban, and working couples to adopt the ‘one-
child norm '
4. Statutory raising of marriageable age, female- 18, male- 21
5. Giving incentives to couples with small families.

7. Prevention of fertilization of ovum during sexual intercourse is called
contraception. An ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly ,available
, effective, and reversible with no or least side effects. It aims to control
birth by using contraceptives
The different types of contraceptives are :
1 . Natural / Traditional method 4. Oral contraceptives
2. Barrier method 5. Injection and implants
3. Intrauterine device [IUDs] 6. Surgical method
2. Physical contraceptive or Barrier methods -
Prevents contact of sperm and ovum through the barrier. It is available both for males and
females.
a ) Condoms :
➢ Barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath, self inserted & disposable.
Covers penis in male & vagina and cervix in female.
➢ It is used so that semen does not enter the female reproductive tract.
It also prevents AIDS and STDs.
b ) Diaphragm, cervical caps, and vaults:
➢ Reusable rubber/latex barrier used to cover the cervix to
block entry of sperm through the cervix.
➢ Spermicidal cream, jellies, and foams are also used with
these barriers
1. Natural Methods : Avoid chances of ovum and sperms meeting
a ) Periodic abstinence – In this method, the couple avoids coitus from day 10 to 17 of the
menstrual cycle when ovulation could be expected.
b ) Withdrawal or coitus interruptus: In this method male partner withdraws his penis
from the vagina just before ejaculation to avoid insemination.
c ) Lactational amenorrhea: ovulation is absent during intense lactation following
parturition. Hence the chance of fertilization is absent. It is effective for 6 months, with no side
effects and high chances of failure are there.

8. 3. Intra-Uterine Devices ( IUDs ) ·-These devices are used only by
females and are inserted by doctors /nurses into the uterus through the vagina. They are
available as :
A ) Non-medicated IUDS :
e.g. Lippes loop: Phagocytosis of sperm
B ) Copper releasing IUDs ( CUT, Cu7, Multiload 375 ):
Cu ion released suppress motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm.
Increase phagocytosis of sperm within the uterus
c ) Hormone-releasing IUDs ( Progestasert LNG - 20 ) :
They make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and cervix hostile to
the sperm. Ideal for females to delay pregnancy. It is widely accepted in India
6. Surgical methods/ sterilization method
➢ Prevention of future pregnancy by blocking gamete transport. Sterilization in males is
called - vasectomy & females- ' tubectomy ‘ They are highly effective but reversibility is
very poor
4. Oral contraceptives :
➢ Oral administration of small doses of progesterone or progesterone- oestrogen combination.
Tablets & pills are taken by females daily for 21 days to inhibit ovulation & implantation &
alters the quality of cervical mucus to prevent the entry of sperm.
➢ They have fewer side effects, E.g. . Saheli- nonsteroidal preparation,
once a week
5. Injections or implants :
➢ Progesterone or its combination with oestrogen is used as an injection/implant under
the skin of a female. Its action is similar to pills and is effective for long periods
➢ Progesterone or its combination with oestrogen or IUDs – within 72 hours
of coitus are effective as emergency contraceptives to avoid possible
pregnancy due to rape or unprotected intercourse.
Vas deferens
are tied and
cut
Fallopian tube
tied and cut

9. ❑ Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy is called MTP or
induced abortion.
❑ 45 to 50 million MTPS / year- world.
❑ Decreases population- not meant for that purpose.
❑ Accept / legalize is debated due to emotional, ethical , religious & social
issues .
Amniocentesis
❑ Government of India legalized- 1971, with strict restrictions to check
indiscriminate & illegal female foeticide
❑ MTP- rid of unwanted pregnancy due to unprotected intercourse, failure
of contraceptive, rapes, pregnancy which may be fatal to mother or fetus
❑ This method is safe within 1st trimester ( 12 weeks ), 2nd trimester abortions
are riskier
❑ Illegal- unqualified quacks, unsafe & fatal- avoided by counselling
❑ Misuse of amniocentesis, followed by MTP- avoided
The MTP Act allows for
termination of pregnancy up
to 20 weeks of pregnancy. In
case termination of pregnancy
is immediately necessary to
save the life of the woman, this
limit does not apply (Section 5
of the MTP Act).

10. Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are
called Sexually transmitted diseases ( STDs ) / Venereal diseases ( VD ) /
Reproductive tract infections ( RTI ). For example- Gonorrhoea, Syphilis,
Genital herpes, Chlamydiosis, genital warts, trichomoniasis, hepatitis – B, and
HIV{Except hepatitis - B, genital herpes, and HIV infections, others are
curable.}.
Mode of transmission- Hepatitis- B & HIV
1. Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple partners.
2. Always using condoms during coitus.
3. In case of doubt, consult a doctor for
early detection.
4. Getting complete treatment for diagnosed
disease
1. Itching, fluid discharge, slight pain, swelling in the genital region
2. STDs remain asymptomatic in females and remain undetected for a long.
3. In the later stage, it may lead to pelvic inflammatory diseases ( PID ) .
abortion, stillbirth, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, or even cancer reproductive
tract.
Preventions :
Symptoms:
Reasons for transmission:
Needle Reuse
Blood transfusion
Pregnancy
Unprotected Sex

11. 1.The couple unable to produce children despite unprotected sex is due to Infertility. Problems of infertility
may be in males or females.
Reason: - physical, congenital, diseases, drugs, immunological, or psychological.
2. Females are blamed often in India
3. Specialized Health care units like Infertility clinics- diagnose, corrective treatments to have a child
4. When treatments are not enough, the couple is assisted with techniques called assisted reproductive
technologies ( ART ) •
Varicocele
Uterine fibroids and
Endometrial polyps
Ovulation
Disorders
Infections
Hormonal
Imbalance
Age
Inability of sperm to
penetrate ovum
Sperm count
Volume and
mobility of sperm
Anovulatory
cycles
Immunological
infertility
Genetic
infertility
Menstrual
irregularities
Ovulatory
difficulties
Cervical factors

12. • Ovum collected from donor &
transferred to a female who cannot
produce one but provide a suitable
environment for fertilization
• Washed sperms & ova are transferred to
the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the
help of laparoscope
• Useful when fimbriae fail to capture ova & when females have
sperm antibodies in their cervical secretion
1 . IVF- ET ( In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Transfer )
• Test tube baby fertilization takes place outside
& embryo is transferred
• Female is induced to produce multiple egg/ova
• The egg is then collected from the wife/donor
& sperm collected from husband/donor
• Incubated in medium - fertilization and & form zygote
• It is then transferred to the uterus of wife, implants & pregnancy
continues
2. GIFT ( Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer )
Two types:-
a)ZIFT ( Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer ) - Embryo with 8
blastomeres transferred to the fallopian tube
b)IUT ( Intra- Uterine Transfer ) - Embryo transferred at 32 celled
stages to the uterus
Fallopian Tube
Normal Ovary

13. 4. Artificial insemination ( AI )
• It is useful in cases where the male partner
is unable to inseminate the female or has very
low sperm counts (oligospermia )
• Semen of male partner/donor is collected,
concentrated & introduced into vagina or uterus
of female- intrauterine insemination (IUI )
3. ICSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection)
• Sperm is directly injected into the ovum
in a culture medium. Zygote or Embryo-
transferred to fallopian tube or uterus.
Drawbacks :
1. These techniques are not possible for females with damaged uterine walls.
2. Require high precision, specialized professional & expensive instrumentation
& so available in few centers & available to few people only.
3. Raised several ethical, emotional, religious & moral issues in the society.
4.Improved reproductive healthy society- increased medically assisted deliveries,
better postnatal care, decreased maternally & infant mortality rate, small
families, better detection & cure of STD - increased facilities for sex-related
problems
Significance :-
a . Boon to infertile mother
b. Men with Oligospermia ( low sperm count )
c . Embryos can be frozen & used for future

14. CONCLUSION
SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
AWARENESS DAY IS CELEBRATED EVERY
YEAR ON FEB 12.We should feel free to talk
about sexual health with parents, family, and
friends. Because we need to be aware of all
these things to avoid any problem in future. we
should be aware of STDs. Girls always find it
difficult to talk with their parents and friends
about menstruation but instead, they should
feel free to talk about these topics. the first
awareness about reproductive health should be
provided in school. After completing this project,
I get to know about many new techniques
developed to avoid STDs and have babies. I
feel grateful to complete this project. I wish
that I could increase awareness among young
teens about the reproductive health with the
help of my research and investigation done for
this project

15. ❑ NCERT CLASS 12TH BIOLOGY BOOK
❑ WEBSITES;-
✓ www.bankofbiology.com
✓ www.learncbse.in
✓ www.mycbseguide.com
✓ www.vidhyakul.com