Presentation at Panel Discussions on State of Pune's Water Resources

1. Adequate and Clean Water for Pune
Myth or Reality?
Anupam Saraph

2. From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

3. From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

4. River Ambi:
Tanaji Sagar Dam (Panshet)
River Mose:
Veer Baji Pasalkar Dam
(Varasgaon)
River Mutha: Khadakwasla Dam

6. More than 750 sq km
catchment area to provide
water to 450 sq km city

7. Pune has grown beyond its ability to support its water demand

8. Pune cannot support
any more growth without
many dry weeks and a
significant reduction in
water per person

10. Huge consumption from Varasgaon leading to shortage for Pune

11. Water from Varasgaon vanished from October 2011

12. Clearly good monsoons in 2012 compared to preceding 2 years

13. Much less water in Varasgaon in Dec 2012 than preceding 2 years

14. Huge decrease in water in Varasgaon in April 2012 compared to preceding 2 years

16. Continued dependence on
water imports will result in
regular water stress and
scarcity

17. For any water security
Pune has no option other
than to ensure its
groundwater is recharged

29. Pune is destroying its
lifeline to water

35. January 2010
July 2011
March 2012

36. Before

37. After “Nalla Cleaning”

40. 4
3
2
1

41. 1

42. 2

43. 3

44. 4

45. Pune is loosing its
groundwater as it converts
its nalas and rivers to
gutters

46. Illnesses Caused by Water-Borne Microbes
Agent Source Incubation Period Clinical Syndrome Duration
Viruses:
2-3 days; occasionally
Astrovirus human feces 1-4 days Acute gastroenteritis
1-14 days
Febrile illness, respiratory illness,
Enteroviruses
meningitis, herpangina, pleurodynia,
(polioviruses,
human feces 3-14 days (usually 5–10 days) conjunctivitis, myocardiopathy, Variable
coxsackieviruses,
diarrhea, paralytic disease,
echoviruses)
encephalitis, ataxia
Fever, malaise, jaundice, abdominal 1-2 weeks to several
Hepatitis A human feces 15-50 days (usually 25-30 days)
pain, anorexia, nausea months
Fever, malaise, jaundice, abdominal 1-2 weeks to several
Hepatitis E human feces 15-65 days (usually 35-40 days)
pain, anorexia, nausea months
Acute gastroenteritis with
Norwalk-like viruses human feces 1-2 days 1-3 days
predominant nausea and vomiting
Acute gastroenteritis with
Group A rotavirus human feces 1-3 days 5-7 days
predominant nausea and vomiting
Group B rotavirus human feces 2-3 days Acute gastroenteritis
From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

47. Agent Source Incubation Period Clinical Syndrome Duration
Bacteria
Aeromonas hydrophila fresh water Watery diarrhea Average 42 days
Acute gastroenteritis,
1-4 days occasionally > 10
Campylobacter jejuni human and animal feces 3-5 days (1-7 days) possible bloody and mucoid
days
feces
Watery, then grossly bloody
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli 1-12 days Average 7-10
human and cattle feces 3-5 days diarrhea, vomiting, possible
O157:H7 days
hemolytic uremic syndrome
Possible dysentery with
Enteroinvasive E. coli human feces 2-3 days 1-2 weeks
fever
Watery to profuse watery
Enteropathogenic E. coli 2-6 days 1-3 weeks
diarrhea
Watery to profuse watery
Enterotoxigenic E. coli human feces? 12-72 hours 3-5 days
diarrhea
Bloody and mucoid
fresh surface water, fish,
Plesiomonas shigelloides 1-2 days diarrhea, abdominal pain, 11 days average
crustaceans, animals
nausea, vomiting
Loose, watery, occasionally
Salmonellae human and animal feces 8-48 hours 3-5 days
bloody diarrhea
Fever, malaise, headache,
Salmonella typhi human feces and urine 7-28 days (average 14 days) cough, nausea, vomiting, Weeks to months
abdominal pain
Possible dysentery with
Shigellae human feces 1-7 days 4-7 days
fever
Profuse, watery diarrhea,
Vibrio cholera O12 human feces 9-72 hours 3-4 days
vomiting, rapid dehydration
Vibrio cholera non-O12 human feces 1-5 days Watery diarrhea 3-4 days
Abdominal pain, mucoid,
Yersinia enterocolitica animal feces and urine 2-7 days occasionally bloody 1-21 days average 9 days
diarrhea, fever
From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

48. Incubation
Agent Source Clinical Syndrome Duration
Period
Protozoa:
Abdominal pain,
human and animal
Balantidium coli Unknown occasional mucoid or Unknown
feces
bloody diarrhea
Cryptosporidium human and animal
1-2 weeks Profuse, watery diarrhea 4-21 days
parvum feces
Abdominal pain,
Entamoeba
human feces 2-4 weeks occasional mucoid or Weeks to months
histolytica
bloody diarrhea
Watery diarrhea,
profound fatigue,
Cyclospora
human feces 1 week average anorexia, weight loss, Weeks if untreated
cayetenensis
bloating, abdominal
cramps, nausea
Abdominal pain, bloating,
human and animal
Giardia lamblia 5-25 days flatulence, loose, pale, 1-2 weeks to months and years
feces
greasy stools
Algae:
Cyanobacteria
(Anabaena spp., Toxin poisoning (blistering
Aphanizomenon Algal blooms in water A few hours of mouth, gastroenteritis, Variable
spp., Microcystis pneumonia)
spp.)
Helminths:
Dracunculus 8-14 months Blister, localized arthritis
medinensis2 (Guinea Larvae (usually 12 of joints adjacent to site Months
worm) months) of infection
From: Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply:Assessing the New York City Strategy (2000) The National Academies Press

49. Year Event
1829 First well-documented water filter built by James Simpson for the Chelsea Water Company of London.
1849 An estimated 110,000 people die from cholera in the UK.
1854 John Snow removes the handle from the Broad Street pump in an effort to stop the transmission of cholera in London.
1872–1874 First water filtration plants in the U.S. built in Poughkeepsie, NY, and Hudson, NY.
1884 Robert Koch identifies Vibrio cholera as the causal agent of cholera and describes the germ theory of disease.
Experiments on water filtration conducted in Lawrence, MA. This leads to the first rapid sand filter in 1893 and an
1887
observed 79 percent decrease in typhoid fever mortality over the next 5 years.
Rienecke observes that increases in the bacterial content of drinking water in Hamburg, Germany, corresponded to
1892 increases in infant mortality and report a 50 percent decline in infant mortality from diarrheal disease in the year after
Hamburg started to filter the public water supply.
1893 Chlorination used to treat sewage effluent in Brewster, NY, to protect New York City drinking water.
1897 Chlorination of drinking water in Maidstone, Kent, UK, after an outbreak of typhoid fever.
1902 First continuous chlorination of a water supply in Belgium.
1904 10 percent of U.S. urban population receives filtered water.
1907 46 U.S. cities using filtration to treat drinking water.
1908 First continuous, large-scale use of chlorination for an urban water supply in the U.S. in Jersey City, NJ.
36 percent of U.S. urban population receives filtered water. Allan Hazen writes enthusiastically about the benefits of water
1914
chlorination.
1920 Earliest data on occurrence and causes of waterborne disease outbreaks in the U.S. is collected.
1930 27 percent of community water supplies in the U.S. have disinfection facilities.
1920–1935 Typhoid fever is the most commonly recognized waterborne disease in the U.S.
1936–1961 Shigellosis is the most commonly recognized waterborne disease in the U.S.
Outbreak (16,000 cases) of waterborne salmonellosis in Riverside, CA. First documented waterborne outbreak of giardiasis
1965
in the U.S. occurs at Aspen, CO.
1971–1980 Giardiasis becomes the most commonly recognized waterborne disease.
1975 First recognized outbreak of waterborne disease caused by toxigenic E. coli in Crater Lake National Park, OR.
1984 First recorded waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurs in Texas.
1989 First recorded waterborne outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 occurs in Missouri (243 cases, 4 deaths).
Largest recorded waterborne disease outbreak in U.S. history caused by Cryptosporidium in Milwaukee, WI (estimated
1993
400,000 cases).
Sources: Craun (1986), Hunter (1997), ILSI (1993), Long mate (1966), NRC (1977), Sedgwick and MacNutt (1910).

51. Pune is putting the health
of its residents to huge
risk

54. Pune has moved from
becoming water stressed
to water scarce

55. From: State of the Environment Report 1997-98, A Change Reengineering Study for the Pune Municipal Corporation

56. An aerial view of
Bishan Park after
restoration of the
Kallang River in
Singapore
Bishan Park before, with
the 2.7 Km Kallang River
channelized.

57. Wooded Wetland
Third Generation The Forested Wetland—water quality + tree benefits

58. Tree Clusters in Stormwater Ponds and Wetlands

59. tree check dams
tree check dam section tree check dam axon

60. Bioretention with trees

62. The Cascade Prototype project at N. 110th St. after most of
the construction has been completed and before planting.

63. Infiltration = 4 inches per hours

64. What is the way ahead?

65. 1
Enhance Pune’s water
carrying capacity by
restoring nalas, rivers and
lakes to natural form free
from human management
and intervention

66. 2
Develop waterbodies and
their setback regions into
perpetual easements for
urban forestry and
conservation

67. 3
Link all growth
permissions to Pune’s
water carrying capacity

68. State Of Pune’s Water Resources
1. More than 750 sq km catchment area to provide water to
450 sq km city
2. Pune cannot support any more growth without many dry
weeks and a significant reduction in water per person
3. Continued dependence on water imports will result in
regular water stress and scarcity
4. For any water security Pune has no option other than to
ensure its groundwater is recharged
5. Pune is destroying its lifeline to water
6. Pune is loosing its groundwater as it converts its nalas
and rivers to gutters
7. Pune is putting the health of its residents to huge risk
8. Pune has moved from becoming water stressed to water
scarce

69. Recommendations
1. Enhance Pune’s water carrying
capacity by restoring nalas, rivers
and lakes to natural form and free
them from human management and
intervention
2. Develop waterbodies and their
setback regions into perpetual
easements for urban forestry and
conservation
3. Link all growth permissions to Pune’s
water carrying capacity