7. *AUDIENCES*
Specific Audiences
o boss
o supervisor
o team
o committee
o politicians
o bank officers
o general public
General Audience
o generic reader
o teacher
o perhaps fellow
students
AW
TC
8. *AUDIENCES*
1 Document = Many Readers:
(Many Readers = Many Needs)
o “food chain”
o boss, supervisor
o team
o engineers
o workers
o politicians
o bank officers
o general public
1 Document = 1 Reader:
(1 Reader = 1 Need)
o teacher
TC AW
10. PURPOSES
Situation-Oriented
o see a need —
o address a need
o internal motivation
o professional
motivation
o outcome-oriented:
to get something
accomplished
Assignment-Oriented
o passive (vs. active)
o given a topic, test
o given an assignment
o external motivation
o scholastic
motivation
o grade-oriented
grade, g.p.a., degree
TC AW
11. EVALUATION CRITERIA
Success
o satisfaction of the
needs of all readers
o something was done
o informed
o persuaded
Success
o correct answer
o right information
o unity, coherence
o support, detail
o grammar
AW
TC
12. APPLICATIONS
Real-World Applications
o case studies
o illustrative
scenarios
o operations
management
o for a job
o for a raise or
promotion
o for a bid
practical
College Application
o “academic” writing
o essays
o essay exams
o for academics
o for grade
o for degree
o “show what you
know”
demonstrative
TC AW
13. DISCIPLINES
Across Disciplines
o “interdisciplinary”
o computer sciences
o psychology
o mixture of:
history
math
science
technology
Single Discipline
o “discipline-specific”
literary data for an
English paper
historical information
on a history paper
psychological ideas
on a psychology test
o rarely a mixture
TC AW
14. *PAGE DESIGN*
o Paragraphs
6-10 lines
vary lengths for visual
o White Space
o Columns
o Headings
o Lists
o Graphics
o Varying Fonts
o Use of Color
o Relative Spacing
o Relative Margins
o Relative Justification
o Paragraphs
Minimum of 3-5
sentences
No maximum length
o NO
White Space
Columns
Headings
Lists
Graphics
Varying Fonts
Use of Color
o Double Spacing
o Equal Margins
o Left Justification
TC AW
15. COMPONENTS
Oral, Visual, Written
o produce documents
o present documents
o write to be read
o write to be seen
o write to be heard
Written
o infrequent oral and
visual components
o predominant written
component
o write to be read
by teacher
o write to be graded
o not to be seen or
heard
TC AW
16. GRAPHICS
o tables
o charts
o graphs
o diagrams
o photographs
o maps
o blue prints
o uncommon
o photographs
TC AW
17. FORMATS
o memos
o e-mails
o letters
o cover letters
o resumes
o proposals
o manuals
o portfolio
o abstracts
o reports
formal
informal
o essay questions
o essays based on the
rhetorical strategies
Description
Narration
Illustration
Process-Analysis
Division-Classification
Comparison-Contrast
Definition
Cause-Effect
Pro-Con Argument
TC AW
18. GRAMMAR
Grammar-less
o visual-oriented
o grammar = less
important
o fragments =
permissible
o active voice
o descriptive writing
o concise sentences
o spelling!
o proofread!
Grammar-full
o written-oriented
o grammar = key
o sentence errors =
avoided
o active voice
o descriptive writing
o concise sentences
o spelling!
o proofread!
TC AW
19. 19
CONCLUSIONS
o Technical Communication:
Practicality in the employment world
Real-World application
o Academic Writing:
Demonstration of knowledge
Limited to academia
20. 20
CONCLUSIONS
o Technical Communication:
By an informed writer
Conveying necessary information
Both visually & verbally
To a lesser-informed reader
(writer = teacher)
o Academic Writing:
By a student-learner for an expert reader
22. 22
CONCLUSIONS
o Technical Communication:
“Information Retrieval”
organization & format = designed
to help readers quickly & easily locate
information
o Academic Writing:
“Information Retrieval”
little concern beyond a logical organization
23. 23
CONCLUSIONS
o Technical Communication:
Public Speaking component —
formal conference speeches
informal meeting speeches
o Academic Writing:
Limited Public Speaking opportunities
conferences or rare class projects
Public Speaking courses
28. EDUCATIONAL
PHILOSOPHIES
writing: process &
product
o HEURISTIC:
process
reader-focused
how-to
analyze-and-
compose process
o PRESCRIPTIVE:
product
writer-focused
models/forms of
writing
writing: product
o prescriptive
o teach from models
o rhetorical strategies
o writer-focused
TC AW
29. 29
ACADEMIC WRITING
o Purpose/Objective:
to demonstrate
knowledge
to “show what you
know”
o Audience:
superior knowledge
teachers, perhaps
peer editors
o Evaluation:
correct information
unity, coherence,
depth, clarity,
grammar
o Graphics:
limited
to explain or
persuade
