1 ngss 9-12
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This presentation is to prepare administrators and teachers for the Next Generation of Science Standards. It provides an overview of the organization and the three
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1 ngss 9-12
- 1. Public Review of the Next Generation Science Standards for Today’s Students and Tomorrow’s Workforce
- 2. Agenda • Welcome & Introductions • Message from MDE – The Who, What, Why & How of the Project – The Framework – NGSS Organization and Changes – Three Dimensions – Timeline – Next Steps in Transition
- 4. The Guiding The Guiding Principles of Principles of the the Framework Framework are Research- are Research- Based and Based and Include. .... Include. Building Capacity in State Science Education BCSSE
- 5. Organization of Framework and NGSS Standards Dimensions •Scientific and Engineering Practices •Crosscutting Concepts •Disciplinary Core Ideas A Key Learning Idea Learning challenging ideas develops across time.
- 6. Standards integrate core ideas, cross- cutting ideas, & practices • “Standards include performance expectations that integrate the scientific and engineering practices with the crosscutting concepts and disciplinary core ideas. (NRC 2011, Rec 4) • The expectations should require that students demonstrate knowledge-in- use and include criteria for identifying successful performance.” (NRC 2011, Rec 5).
- 7. Dimension 1 Scientific and Engineering Practices 1. Asking questions (science) 5. Using mathematics and and defining problems computational thinking (engineering) 6. Constructing explanations 2. Developing and using (science) & designing models solutions (engineering) 3. Planning and carrying out 7. Engaging in argument from investigations evidence 4. Analyzing and interpreting 8. Obtaining, evaluating, and data communicating information For each, the Framework includes a description of the practice, the culminating 12th grade learning goals, and what we know about progression over time.
- 8. Scientific and Engineering Practices Practice 1: Asking Questions and Defining Problems Science begins with a question about a Engineering begins with a problem, phenomenon, such as “Why is the sky need or desire that suggests an engineering blue?” or “What causes cancer?” and seeks problem that needs to be solved. A societal to develop theories that can provide problem such as reducing the nation’s explanatory answers to such questions. A dependence on fossil fuels may engender a basic practice of the scientist is formulating variety of engineering problems such as empirically answerable questions about designing more efficient transportation phenomena, establishing what is already systems, or alternative power generation known, and determining what questions devices such as improved solar cells. have yet to be satisfactorily answered. Engineers ask questions to define the engineering problem, determine criteria for a successful solution, and identify constraints.
- 9. 1. Asking Questions and Defining Problems Questions engage! How do the gears on my bike work? What is the smallest piece of matter? Can I see in a room if it is truly dark?
- 10. What question is answered? Think, Pair, Share Activity Students know evaporation and melting are changes that occur when the objects are heated. (Grade 3) Students know evidence of plate tectonics is derived from the fit of the continents; the location of earthquakes, volcanoes, and mid-ocean ridges; and the distribution of fossils, rock types, and ancient climatic zones. (Grade 6) Students know that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction (Newton's third law). (Grades 9-12)
- 11. Time to think and pair with partner or group
- 12. 2. Developing and Using Models
- 13. What is a Model? Think of a model as: •A drawing that shows the objects and the relationships among the objects to explain a phenomenon. •A representation that illustrates the objects in a system and the relationships among the objects in order to provide a causal mechanism that accounts for the phenomenon. •A more complete view: A scientific model may be a physical object, an equation, a graph, a drawing, a computer simulation, a description with a sketch, a mathematical formula, or even a mental image that allows for predictions and explanations by revealing the relationships among objects using scientific ideas.
- 14. Bohr Model of the Atom How is this model useful? How does it fall short of reality?
- 15. Modeling The Framework states that by the end of grade 12 students should be able to: •Construct drawings or diagrams as representations of events or systems. •Represent and explain phenomena with multiple types of models and move flexibly between model types when different ones are most useful for different purposes. •Discuss the limitations and precision of a model and suggest ways in which the model might be improved. •Refine a model in light of empirical evidence or criticism to improve its quality and explanatory power. •Use existing computer simulations as a tool for understanding and investigating aspects of a system, particularly those not readily visible to the naked eye. •Make and use a model to test a design, or aspects of a design, and to compare the effectiveness of different design solutions.
- 16. 3. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations How does the speed at which sugar dissolves depend on temperature? Variables, procedure, safe practices, recording and displaying data, forming a conclusion, etc.
- 17. 4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
- 18. 4. Analyzing and Interpreting Data (a) One pupil had the most breaths and she also had the highest pulse rate. (b) All the people with a high breath rate had a high pulse rate. (c) The higher the breathing rate, the greater the pulse rate. (d) On the whole, those people with a higher breath rate had a higher pulse rate.
- 19. 5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking 1. Who is the tallest? 2. Who is the shortest? 3.What is the average height?
- 20. 6. Constructing Explanations The Upside Down Tumbler Demonstration Demo • There is no air inside. • There is no glue on the card. • There is lots of air outside. • Some of the air is hitting the card. • A force is needed to support the water.
- 21. 6. Constructing Explanations Example:The Shape of the Earth 1. The Earth spins once a day. 2. Rocks can be compressed with force. 3. Gravity pulls all matter towards the center of the Earth. 4. If something is spinning, a force is needed towards the center to keep it going round in a circle. 5. A squashed sphere is called an oblate spheroid. Explanations are to be supported by evidence.
- 22. 7. Engaging in Argument from Evidence Students must be taught to cite evidence supporting their position, respectfully listen to opposing viewpoints, to offer constructive criticism and to debate in a respectful manner.
- 23. Something in the Air? Maria, Ted and Alexis are wondering where the water on the outside of the glass of water with ice comes from. Maria: The water came through holes in the glass. Ted: The water came over the top of the glass. Alexis: The water came from the air.
- 24. 8. Obtaining, Evaluating and Communicating Information Speaking: presenting information, evidence and conclusions. Forms of Communication Listening and Evaluating Researching Writing: using computer programs Evaluating Information persuasive, factual, reports, (print, oral, & visual) presenting data, writing for a variety of audiences.
- 25. Crosscutting Concepts 1. Patterns 2. Cause and effect 3. Scale, proportion, and quantity 4. Systems and system models 5. Energy and matter 6. Structure and function 7. Stability and change Framework 4-1
- 26. 2. Cause and Effect: 1. Patterns Mechanisms and Explanations 3. Scale, Proportion and Quantity
- 27. 4. Systems and System Models 5. Energy and Matter: Flows, Cycles, and Conservation
- 28. Base for Activity Selected themes: Scale, Proportion, and Quantity • What problems do students have in understanding scale within the context of each discipline? •How can we help students integrate an understanding of scale across the disciplines? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmdIbp87KLg Click icon below for brief video. Powers of 10 - YouTube.flv
- 29. Base for Activity Selected themes: Energy & Matter •Describe how energy is currently represented in the following disciplines: – Physics – Chemistry – Biology – Earth Science •Discuss in small groups how you might represent energy in a common way across the disciplines. •Be prepared to share at least one example with the group.
- 30. A Disciplinary Core Idea (Criteria for inclusion) 1. Disciplinary Significance - Has broad importance across multiple science or engineering disciplines, a key organizing concept of a single discipline 2. Explanatory Power - Can be used to explain a host of phenomena 3. Generative - Provides a key tool for understanding or investigating more complex ideas and solving problems 4. Relevant to Peoples’ Lives - Relates to the interests and life experiences of students, connected to societal or personal concerns 5. Usable from K to 12 - Is teachable and learnable over multiple grades at increasing levels of depth and sophistication Fewer concepts are included in NGSS to allow time for more in-depth explorations
- 31. Physical Sciences • Matter and Its Interactions • Motion and Stability • Energy • Waves and Their Applications
- 32. Life Sciences • From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes • Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics • Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits • Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity
- 33. Earth and Space Sciences • Earth’s Place in the Universe • Earth Systems • Earth and Human Activity
- 34. Engineering, Technology and Applications of Sciences • Engineering Design • Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science and Society Engineering design differs from projects you may have students do at this time by including specifications, constraints (parameters), and design testing process to collect evidence of effectiveness.
- 35. Lots of work completed, underway, and left to do Resources Assessments Curricula Instruction Professional Learning (PD)
- 36. Connections to CCSS Literacy • Determine Central Ideas (RST 2) • Evidence (RST 1 & WHST9) • Analysis (RST 5) • Evaluate Hypotheses (RST 8) • Synthesize Information (RST 9) • Writing Arguments (WHST 1) • Use of Technology (WHST 6) • Speaking and Listening (SL 1-6)
- 37. Connections to CCSS Mathematics Mathematical Practices 1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. 2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. 3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. 4. Model with mathematics. 5. Use appropriate tools strategically. 6. Attend to precision. 7. Look for and make use of structure. 8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.
- 38. Review of the draft NGSS Timeline • Released to States (embargoed) May 4th • Public Released May 7th • 3 week review window – closed May 28th • Release was on-line through the www.nextgenscience.org web site • Revision Process • 2nd review • Completion in the first quarter of 2013
- 39. NGSS Timeline in LA (at this time – subject to change) √ Framework Awareness Early 2012 √ Public review of draft standards – 5/2012, • Revisions by Achieve, Inc. • Final document in 1st quarter of 2013 • Decisions on state adoption 2012-13 • Teacher training and PD 2013-14 • Implementation – 2014 -15
- 40. In-Depth Look at Standards • Formatting and coding – Standard with Performance Expections – All performance expectations are essential to instruction – Within the classroom, it might be necessary to only assess one of these expectations • Colors and codes of 3 dimensions • Connections between NGSS and CCSS in both literacy and math • Example follows - - -
- 41. Standards (written in the form of several Performance Expectations (PE) ) 1. Explain the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy on Earth. [Limit to light, water, CO2, and oxygen] (practice 2) (core idea LS2.B) (crosscutting-4. systems) 2. Develop and use models of the cycles of matter among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Practices Core Ideas Crosscutting Concepts 1. Practice 6- LS2.B: Cycles of Matter and 1. Concept 5 - Energy and Constructing Energy Transfer in matter: Flows, cycles, explanations (for Ecosystems and conservation. science) 2. Concept 2 - Systems and 2. Practice 2- Developing system models and using models
- 43. Summary: Shifts in the Teaching and Learning of Science • Organize around limited number of core ideas. Favor depth and coherence over breadth of coverage. • Core ideas need to be revisited in increasing depth, and sophistication across years. Focus needs to be on connections: – Careful construction of a storyline – helping learners build sophisticated ideas from simpler explanations, using evidence. – Connections between scientific disciplines, using powerful ideas (nature of matter, energy) across life, physical, and environmental sciences
- 44. Thank You! Ann Wilson Science Program Coordinator Louisiana Department of Education ann.wilson@la.gov Jean May-Brett STEM and Math Science Partnership Louisiana Department of Education Jean.May-Brett@la.gov Q&A
Notas do Editor
- All of the slides are suggestions—feel free to reorganize, not show some of the slides, or add in additional slides that fit your teacher levels better.
- The organizations that are formally engaged as lead partners in the development of the NGSS are Achieve, NRC, AAAS, and NSTA. Find logo for AAAS (Sue) Logo in Word Doc – use snag it to capture and add to slide
- . . . as well as on nearly two decades of efforts to define foundational knowledge and skills for K-12 science and engineering. From this work, the committee concludes that K-12 science and engineering education should focus on a limited number of disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts, be designed so that students continually build on and revise their knowledge and abilities over multiple years, and support the integration of such knowledge and abilities with the practices needed to engage in scientific inquiry and engineering design (Framework, ES 1).
- The committee recommends that science education in grades K-12 be built around three major dimensions. These dimensions are: Scientific and engineering practices; Crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science and engineering through their common application across fields; and Core ideas in four disciplinary areas: physical sciences; life sciences; earth and space sciences; and engineering, technology, and the applications of science (Framework, ES 1). The framework focuses on a limited set of core ideas in order to avoid the coverage of multiple disconnected topics—the oft-mentioned mile wide and inch deep. This focus allows for deep exploration of important concepts, as well as time for students to develop meaningful understanding, to actually practice science and engineering, and to reflect on their nature (p. 2-2). Realizing the Vision--This framework is designed to help realize a vision of science education in which students’ experiences over multiple years foster progressively deeper understanding of science (Framework, p. 9-1). The main purpose of this presentation is to develop an initial understanding of the Dimensions of the Framework (the first three bullets).
- Not separate treatment of “content” and “inquiry” Curriculum materials need to more than present and assess scientific ideas – they need to involve learners in using scientific practices to develop and apply the scientific ideas. science and engineering education should focus on a limited number of disciplinary core ideas and crosscutting concepts, be designed so that students continually build on and revise their knowledge and abilities over multiple years, and support the integration of such knowledge and abilities with the practices needed to engage in scientific inquiry and engineering design (Framework, p. ES 1). Thus it [the Framework] describes the major practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas that all students should be familiar with by the end of high school, and it provides an outline of how these practices, concepts, and ideas should be developed across the grade levels (Framework, p. 1-1) . By the end of the 12th grade, students should have gained sufficient knowledge of the practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, to be critical consumers of scientific information related to their everyday lives, and to continue to learn about science throughout their lives. They should come to appreciate that science and the current scientific understanding of the world are the result of many hundreds of years of creative human endeavor. It is especially important to note that the above goals are for all students, not just those who pursue careers in science, engineering, or technology or those who continue on to higher education (Framework, p. 1-2). Students actively engage in scientific and engineering practices in order to deepen their understanding of crosscutting concepts and disciplinary core ideas (Framework, p. 9-1). In order to achieve the vision embodied in the framework and to best support students’ learning, all three dimensions need to be integrated into the system of standards, curriculum, instruction, and assessment (Framework, p. 9-1). Furthermore, crosscutting concepts have value because they provide students with connections and intellectual tools that are related across the differing areas of disciplinary content and can enrich their application of practices and their understanding of core ideas (Framework, p. 9-1). Thus standards and performance expectations must be designed to gather evidence of students’ ability to apply the practices and their understanding of the crosscutting concepts in the contexts of specific applications in multiple disciplinary areas (Framework, p. 9-1 & 2). When standards are developed that are based on the framework, they will need to include performance expectations that cover all of the disciplinary core ideas, integrate practices, and link to crosscutting concepts when appropriate (Framework, p. 9-3). In sum, teachers at all levels must understand the scientific and engineering practices crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas ; how students learn them; and the range of instructional strategies that can support their learning. Furthermore, teachers need to learn how to use student-developed models, classroom discourse, and other formative assessment approaches to gauge student thinking and design further instruction based on it (Framework, p. 10-10).
- Dimension 1 [Scientific and Engineering Practices] describes (a) the major practices that scientists employ as they investigate and build models and theories about the world and (b) a key set of engineering practices that engineers use as they design and build systems. We use the term “practices” instead of a term such as “skills” to emphasize that engaging in scientific investigation requires not only skill but also knowledge that is specific to each practice (Framework, p. 2-5). Science is not just a body of knowledge that reflects current understanding of the world; it is also a set of practices used to establish, extend, and refine that knowledge. Both elements—knowledge and practice—are essential (Framework, p. 3). Similarly, engineering involves both knowledge and a set of practices. The major goal of engineering is to solve problems that arise from a specific human need or desire. To do this, engineers rely on their knowledge of science and mathematics as well as their understanding of the engineering design process (Framework, p. 2-3). The practices include. . . Asking questions is essential to developing scientific habits of mind. Even for individuals who do not become scientist or engineers, the ability to ask well-defined questions is an important component of science literacy, helping to make them critical consumers of scientific knowledge. Questions are the engine that drive science and engineering. Science asks: What exists and what happens? Why does it happen? How does one know? (Framework, 3-6) Engineering asks: What can be done to address a particular human need or want? How can the need be better specified? What tools and technologies are available, or could be developed, for addressing this need? How does one communicate phenomena, evidence, explanations, and design solutions? (Framework, p. 3-6) Conceptual models, the focus of this section, are, in contrast, explicit representations that are in some ways analogous to the phenomena they represent. Conceptual models allow scientists and engineers to better visualize and understand a phenomenon under investigation or develop a possible solution to a design problem. Although they do not correspond exactly to the more complicated entity being modeled, they do bring certain features into focus while minimizing or obscuring others. Because all models contain approximations and assumptions that limit the range of validity of their application and the precision of their predictive power, it is important to recognize their limitations. (Framework, p. 3-8) Conceptual models, the focus of this section, are, in contrast, explicit representations that are in some ways analogous to the phenomena they represent. Conceptual models allow scientists and engineers to better visualize and understand a phenomenon under investigation or develop a possible solution to a design problem. Although they do not correspond exactly to the more complicated entity being modeled, they do bring certain features into focus while minimizing or obscuring others. Because all models contain approximations and assumptions that limit the range of validity of their application and the precision of their predictive power, it is important to recognize their limitations. (Framework, p. 3-8) Conceptual models, the focus of this section, are, in contrast, explicit representations that are in some ways analogous to the phenomena they represent. Conceptual models allow scientists and engineers to better visualize and understand a phenomenon under investigation or develop a possible solution to a design problem. Although they do not correspond exactly to the more complicated entity being modeled, they do bring certain features into focus while minimizing or obscuring others. Because all models contain approximations and assumptions that limit the range of validity of their application and the precision of their predictive power, it is important to recognize their limitations. (Framework, p. 3-8) Scientists and engineers investigate and observe the world with essentially two goals: (1) to systematically describe the world and (2) to develop and test theories and explanations of how the world works. In the first, careful observation and description often lead to identification of features that need to be explained or questions that need to be explored. The second goal requires investigations to test explanatory models of the world and their predictions and whether the inferences suggested by these models are supported by data. Planning and designing such investigations require the ability to design experimental or observational inquiries that are appropriate to answering the question being asked or testing a hypothesis that has been formed. This process begins by identifying the relevant variables and considering how they may be observed, measured, and controlled (constrained by the experimental design to take particular values). (Framework, 3-9 &10) Once collected, data must be presented in a form that can reveal any patterns and relationships and that allows results to be communicated to others. Because raw data as such have little meaning, a major practice of scientists is to organize and interpret the data through tabulating, graphing, or statistical analysis. Such analysis can bring out the meaning of the data—and their relevance—so that they may be used as evidence (Framework, p. 3-11). Mathematics and computational tools are central to science and engineering. Mathematics enables the numerical representation of variables, the symbolic representation of relationships between physical entities, and the prediction of outcomes. Mathematics provides powerful models for describing and predicting such phenomena as atomic structure, gravitational forces, and quantum mechanics. Mathematics enables ideas to be expressed in a precise form and enables the identification of new ideas about the physical world. Although there are differences in how mathematics and computational thinking are applied in science and in engineering, mathematics often brings these two fields together by enabling engineers to apply the mathematical form of scientific theories and by enabling scientists to use powerful information technologies designed by engineers. (Framework, p. 3-13) Engaging students with standard scientific explanations of the world—helping them to gain an understanding of the major ideas that science has developed—is a central aspect of science education. Asking students to demonstrate their own understanding of the implications of a scientific idea by developing their own explanations of phenomena, whether based on observations they have made or models they have developed, engages them in an essential part of the process by which conceptual change can occur (Framework, p. 3-15). In engineering, the goal is a design rather than an explanation. The process of developing a design is iterative and systematic, as is the process of developing an explanation or theory in science (Framework, p. 3-15 & 16). Engineers’ activities, however, have elements that are distinct from those of scientists. These elements include specifying constraints and criteria for desired qualities of the solution, developing a design plan, producing and testing models or prototypes, selecting among alternative design features to optimize the achievement of design criteria, and refining design ideas based on the performance of a prototype or simulation (Framework, p. 3-15 & 16). In science, the production of knowledge is dependent on a process of reasoning that requires a scientist to make a justified claim about the world. In response, other scientists attempt to identify the claim’s weaknesses and limitations. Their arguments can be based on deductions from premises, on inductive generalizations of existing patterns, or on inferences about the best possible explanation. Argumentation is also needed to resolve questions involving, for example, the best experimental design, the most appropriate techniques of data analysis, or the best interpretation of a given data set (Framework, p. 3-17). In engineering, reasoning and argument are essential to finding the best possible solution to a problem. At an early design stage, competing ideas must be compared (and possibly combined) to achieve an initial design, and the choices are made through argumentation about the merits of the various ideas pertinent to the design goals. At a later stage in the design process, engineers test their potential solution, collect data, and modify their design in an iterative manner. The results of such efforts are often presented as evidence to argue about the strengths and weaknesses of a particular design (Framework, p. 3-18). From the very start of their science education, students should be asked to engage in the communication of science, especially regarding the investigations they are conducting and the observations they are making. Careful description of observations and clear statement of ideas, with the ability to both refine a statement in response to questions and to ask questions of others to achieve clarification of what is being said begin at the earliest grades. Beginning in upper elementary and middle school, the ability to interpret written materials becomes more important. Early work on reading science texts should also include explicit instruction and practice in interpreting tables, diagrams, and charts and coordinating information conveyed by them with information in written text. Not only must students learn technical terms but also more general academic language, such as “analyze” or “correlation,” which are not part of most students’ everyday vocabulary and thus need specific elaboration if they are to make sense of scientific text. It follows that to master the reading of scientific material, students need opportunities to engage with such text and to identify its major features; they cannot be expected simply to apply reading skills learned elsewhere to master this unfamiliar genre effectively. In engineering, students likewise need opportunities to communicate ideas using appropriate combinations of sketches, models, and language. They should also create drawings to test concepts and communicate detailed plans; explain and critique models of various sorts, including scale models and prototypes; and present the results of simulations, not only regarding the planning and development stages but also to make compelling presentations of their ultimate solutions. (Framework, p. 3-21)
- How does the Framework define these? This is just one of the examples, the Science Teacher article (by Bybee) goes through the rest of the practices describing them for science and for engineering—may want to point teachers to that article at this time.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides What other questions can we ask that might excite kids? How might they investigate them?
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides (may need to check these when the survey comes out to make sure that they fit the standards noted) Could do a think pair share here – pick one of these and write a testable question that students might have. How can we convert these expectations into questions that can be studied? What could students ask that is based on this content?
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides—you do not need to use all of these model slides, they are just examples for you to choose. Sometimes models are direct visual representations Which atomic model best represents an atom? Which is best used in understanding electron configuaration?
- Joe Krajcik’s slide
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides Many textbooks still use the Bohr model to teach aspects of atomic structure. How is this useful? Where does it fall short? How has the model of the atom evolved over time?
- Joe K’s slide Change in view of modeling. Students not only need to understand existing models but also create their own “original” models based on evidence. The student generated models should be used to develop the student understanding of a concept – more than just a hands-on activity where the form of the model is prescribed.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides To be successful with the new standards, kids need to design and conduct investigations. The will need to establish the parameters for fair or controlled testing. Teachers could plan what this might look like at each grade level—then share out.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides What could you say about this data set?
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides What about now, if you were asked to select the response that best describes the above data set? Could you see kids arguing for the view point? Was there any disagreement between participants today? Note that C and D tend to be the most common selections and a case could be made for either, but the point is not necessarily which is most correct, but that students can analyze and interpret the data and then defend their interpretations.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides Estimating Identifying relationships among factor/variables Identifying tendencies or trends Not necessarily about direct application of equations. Perhaps more importantly this speaks to data analysis.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides If possible show them the classic water in a glass with a piece of card stock holding it in—as a demonstration. (Start with full glass and place a piece of card stock over the top. Invert it and carefully remove your hand and the water should stay in. This slide is a scaffolded look at the thought process that might lead to the construction of the correct explanation that the air outside is applying a force upwards to keep the water in.
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides Another example
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides What arguments could you wage to support each of the answers? What might you argue is evidence against Maria, Ted or Alexis? What investigation(s) could you perform to help establish the best answer?
- From Jonathan Osbourne’s slides Science needs a rebalancing. “Minds-on” as well as ‘ hands on ’ . 4 quadrants and more emphasis on the later to balance and allow for deeper understanding. Real inquiry helps, but too often we consider doing science or hands-on science as inquiry and miss the question and communication aspects.
- Heidi Schweingruber’s slide The crosscutting concepts have application across all domains of science. As such, they provide one way of linking across the domains in Dimension 3. These crosscutting concepts are not unique to this report. They echo many of the unifying concepts and processes in the National Science Education Standards [7], the common themes in the Benchmarks for Science Literacy [6], and the unifying concepts in the Science College Board Standards for College Success [9] (Framework, p. 2-5). These crosscutting concepts were selected for their value across the sciences and in engineering. These concepts help provide students with an organizational framework for connecting knowledge from the various disciplines into a coherent and scientifically based view of the world (Framework, p. 4-1). 1. Patterns. Observed patterns of forms and events guide organization and classification, and they prompt questions about relationships and the factors that influence them. 2. Cause and effect: Mechanism and explanation . Events have causes, sometimes simple, sometimes multifaceted. A major activity of science is investigating and explaining causal relationships and the mechanisms by which they are mediated. Such mechanisms can then be tested across given contexts and used to predict and explain events in newcontexts. 3. Scale, proportion, and quantity. In considering phenomena, it is critical to recognize what is relevant at different measures of size, time, and energy and to recognize how changes in scale, proportion, or quantity affect a system’s structure or performance. (Framework, p. 4-1) 4. Systems and system models. Defining the system under study—specifying its boundaries and making explicit a model of that system—provides tools for understanding and testing ideas that are applicable throughout science and engineerin g . 5. Energy and matter: Flows, cycles, and conservation. Tracking fluxes of energy and matter into, out of, and within systems helps one understand the systems’ possibilities and limitations. 6. Structure and function. The way in which an object or living thing is shaped and its substructure determine many of its properties and functions. 7. Stability and change. For natural and built systems alike, conditions of stability and determinants of rates of change or evolution of the system are critical elements of study. (Framework, p. 4-2)
- Reference Power of 10 Video - http://www.powersof10.com/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmdIbp87KLg Students have a difficult time conceptualizing the difference in scale represented by the mathematical representation size (positive and negative powers of ten). Example: relating the difference in scale between the size of an internal organ (like the heart) and the cells and molecules that make up that organ. Example: relating the difference in scale between the distance from the sun to the earth vs the earth to the moon. (Rope model that shows the sun and earth; then ask students where does the moon go?)
- Energy in each might look like: Physics: transfer of energy with balls rolling down ramps Chemistry: energy of movement in individual atoms and molecules Biology: flow of energy resources through an ecosystem; photosynthesis Earth Science: energy in earth quakes & earth movement; weather systems
- Heidi’s slide The core ideas had to meet at least two of these criteria, preferably all four were met. Fewer, clearer, higher “ Many existing national, state, and local standards and assessments, as well as the typical curricula in use in the US, contain too many disconnected topics given equal priority.” (NRC, 2009) Standards and curriculum materials should be focused on a limited number of core ideas . Allows learners to develop understanding that can be used to solve problems and explain phenomena. One rationale for organizing content around core ideas comes from studies comparing experts and novices in any field. Experts understand the core principles and theoretical constructs of their field, and they use them to make sense of new information or tackle novel problems. Novices, in contrast, tend to hold disconnected and even contradictory bits of knowledge as isolated facts and struggle to find a way to organize and integrate them [24]. The assumption, then, is that helping students learn the core ideas through engaging in scientific and engineering practices will enable them to become less like novices and more like experts (Framework, p. 2-2).
- An overarching goal for learning in the physical sciences, therefore, is to help students see that there are mechanisms of cause and effect in all systems and processes that can be understood through a common set of physical and chemical principles. The first three physical science core ideas answer two fundamental questions —“What is everything made of?” and “Why do things happen?”—that are not unlike questions that students themselves might ask. These core ideas can be applied to explain and predict a wide variety of phenomena that occur in people’s everyday lives, such as the evaporation of a puddle of water, the transmission of sound, the digital storage and transmission of information, the tarnishing of metals, and photosynthesis. We also introduce a fourth core idea: PS4: Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer—which introduces students to the ways in which advances in the physical sciences during the 20th century underlie all sophisticated technologies available today. The committee included this fourth idea to stress the interplay of physical science and technology, as well as to expand student’s understanding of light and sound as mechanisms of both energy transfer (see LS3) and transfer of information between objects that are not in contact. (Framework, p. 5-1)
- The life sciences focus on patterns, processes, and relationships of living organisms. Life is self-contained, self-sustaining, self replicating, and evolving, operating according to laws of the physical world, as well as genetic programming. Life scientists use observations, experiments, hypotheses, tests, models, theory and technology to explore how life works. The study of life ranges over scales from single molecules, through organisms and ecosystems, to the entire biosphere, that is all life on Earth. It examines processes that occur on time scales from the blink of an eye, to those that happen over billions of years. Living systems are interconnected and interacting. A core principle of the life sciences is that all organisms are related by evolution and that evolutionary processes have led to the tremendous diversity of the biosphere. There is diversity within species as well as between species. Yet what is learned about the function of a gene or a cell or process in one organism is relevant to other organisms because of their ecological interactions and evolutionary relatedness. Evolution and its underlying genetic mechanisms of inheritance and variability are key to understanding both the unity and the diversity of life on Earth. The first core idea, LS1: From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes, addresses how individual organisms are configured and how these structures function to support life, growth, behavior, and reproduction. The first core idea hinges on the unifying principle that cells are the basic unit of life. (Framework, p. 6-1) The second core idea, LS2: Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics, explores organisms’ interactions with each other and their physical environment. This include show organisms obtain resources, how they change their environment, how changing environmental factors affect organisms and ecosystems, how social interactions and group behavior play out within and between species, and how these factors all combine to determine ecosystem functioning. The third core idea, LS3: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits across generations, focuses on the flow of genetic information between generations. This idea explains the mechanisms of genetic inheritance and describes the environmental and genetic causes of gene mutation and the alteration of gene expression. The fourth core idea, LS4: Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity, explores “changes in the traits of populations of organisms over time” [1] and the factors that account for species’ unity and diversity alike. It examines how variation of genetically-determined traits in a population may give some members a reproductive advantage in a given environment. This natural selection can lead to adaptation, that is, to a distribution of traits in the population that is matched to and can change with environmental conditions. Such adaptations can eventually lead to the development of separate species in separated populations. (Framework, p. 6-2)
- Earth and space sciences (ESS) investigate processes that operate on Earth and also address its place in the solar system and the galaxy. Thus earth and space sciences involve phenomena that range in scale from the unimaginably large to the invisibly small. Earth consists of a set of systems—atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, and biosphere—that are intricately interconnected. These systems have differing sources of energy, and matter cycles within and among them in multiple ways and on various time scales. In addition, Earth is part of a broader system—the solar system—which is itself a small part of one of the many galaxies in the universe. Earth’s Place in the Universe describes the universe as a whole and addresses its grand scale in both space and time. This idea includes the overall structure, composition, and history of the universe, the forces and processes by which the solar system operates, and Earth’s planetary history. Earth’s Systems encompasses the processes that drive Earth’s conditions and its continual evolution (i.e., change over time). It addresses the planet’s large-scale structure and composition, describes its individual systems, and explains how they are interrelated. It also focuses on the mechanisms driving Earth’s internal motions and on the vital role that water plays in all of the planet’s systems and surface processes. (Framework, p. 7-1) Earth and Human Activity, addresses society’s interactions with the planet. Connecting the earth and space sciences to the intimate scale of human life, this idea explains how Earth’s processes affect people through natural resources and natural hazards, and it describes as well some of the ways in which humanity in turn affects Earth’s processes (Framework, p. 7-1 & 2).
- Integrated with the standards in two ways: Content strand Science and engineering practices Engineering Design: Although there is not yet broad agreement on the full set of core ideas in engineering [1], an emerging consensus is that design is a central practice of engineering; indeed, design is the focus of the vast majority of K-12 engineering curricula currently in use. The components of this core idea include understanding how engineering problems are defined and delimited, how models can be used to develop and refine possible solutions to a design problem, and what methods can be employed to optimize a design. Links Among Engineering, Technology, Science, and Society (ETS2): The applications of science knowledge and practices to engineering, as well as to such areas as medicine and agriculture, have contributed to the technologies and the systems that support them that serve people today. Insights gained from scientific discovery have altered the ways in which buildings, bridges, and cities are constructed; changed the operations of factories; led to new methods of generating and distributing energy; and created new modes of travel and communication. Scientific insights have informed methods of food production, waste disposal, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. In other words, science-based, or science-improved, designs of technologies and systems affect the ways in which people interact with each other and with the environment, and thus these designs deeply influence society. In turn, society influences science and engineering. Societal decisions, which may shaped by a variety of economic, political, and cultural factors, establish goals and priorities for technologies’ improvement or replacement. (Framework, p. 8-1)
- From Heidi Schweingruber’s slides— New information – The NRC is forming a committee to develop an Assessment Framework to guide assessment of the K-12 Framework for Science Education and the NGSS. The goal is for the Framework to be available to guide assessment discussion and development when the NGSS are released. the notes below are a bit out of date, but this slide is here to help everyone understand where we are in the process and what still needs to come (will help us to ward off questions about assessments—we need some canned responses to questions about what the assessment will look like—similar to CCSS math assessments? Or…) The Carnegie Corporation has taken a leadership role to ensure that the development of common science standards proceeds and is of the highest quality by funding a two-step process: first, the development of this framework by the National Research Council (NRC) and, second, the development of a next generation of science standards based on the framework by Achieve, Inc. (Framework, p. viii). This framework is the first part of a two-stage process to produce a next-generation set of science standards for voluntary adoption by states. The second step—the development of a set of standards based on this framework—is a state-led effort coordinated by Achieve Inc. involving multiple opportunities for input from the states’ science educators, including teachers, and the public (Framework, p. 1-2). As our report was being completed, Achieve’s work on science standards was already under way, starting with an analysis of international science benchmarking in high-performing countries that is expected to inform the standards development process (Framework, p. 1-8). Recommendation 3: Standards should be limited in number. The framework focuses on a limited set of scientific and engineering practices, crosscutting concepts, and disciplinary core ideas, which were selected by using the criteria developed by the framework committee (and outlined in Chapter 2) as a filter. We also drew on previous reports, which recommended structuring K-12 standards around core ideas as a means of focusing the K-12 science curriculum [3, 4]. These reports’ recommendations emerged from analyses of existing national, state, and local standards as well as from a synthesis of current research on learning and teaching in science (Framework, p. 12-3). Basically, a coherent set of science standards will not be sufficient to prepare citizens for the 21 st century unless there is also coherence across all subject areas of the K-12 curriculum (Framework, p. 12-8).
- These next few slides are here to help teachers begin to think about what they know and have right now to work on and to help us show how they will be linked in the standards. Indeed, the new Common Core Standards for language arts [39] recognize that reading and writing skills are essential to science; the formal inclusion in this framework of this science practice [communicating information] reinforces and expands on that view. Science simply cannot advance if scientists are unable to communicate their findings clearly and persuasively. Communication occurs in a variety of formal venues, including peer-reviewed journals, books, conference presentations, and carefully constructed websites; it occurs as well through informal means, such as discussions, email messages, phone calls, and blogs. New technologies have extended communicative practice, enabling multidisciplinary collaborations across the globe that place even more emphasis on reading and writing. Increasingly, too, scientists are required to engage in dialogues with lay audiences about their work, which requires especially good communication skills (Framework, 3-19 & 20). The emphasis on coherence includes consistency across standards for different subject areas. Given the large number of states that have adopted Common Core Standards for mathematics and English/language arts, standards for K-12 science intended for multistate adoption need to parallel the expectations for development of mathematics and English/language arts competency reflected in corresponding standards[1] (Framework, p. 12-1). Recommendation 12: The standards for the sciences and engineering should align coherently with those for other K-12 subjects. Alignment with the Common Core Standards in mathematics and English/language arts is especially important (Framework, p. 12-7).
- This will be completed once we know what the survey will look like or should we assume that the coding will be the same?
- Slide for explaining how all 3 dimensions are integrated into a standard.
- Use only to illustrate the format for NGSS