3. Introduction The relationship between tree root systems and the soils in which they grow has a greater influence on tree health than any other single factor.
4. Introduction Understanding soil is vital to arboriculture because soil is, quite literally, the foundation within which a tree grows.
68. Soil Water Fundamentals The polarity of the water molecule results in the adsorption to negatively charged clay particles positive negative oxygen atom hydrogen atoms
90. Negatively Charged Colloids Attract Positively Charged Ions Cations K + Ca +2 Na + Ca +2 H + Mg +2 - - - - - - - - - soil colloid H + H + K + Ca +2 NH 4 + soil solution soil solution soil solution Fe +2 - - - Al +3 H + H +
91.
92. Negatively Charged Ions Are Called Anions Chemical Ionic Nutrient symbol form Chloride Cl Cl - Nitrate N NO 3 - Sulfate S SO 4 - 2 Borate B BO 4 - 3 Phosphate P H 2 PO 4 -
93.
94.
95. Clay and Organic Matter have Greatest Influence on CEC Clay - 10 to 150 meq/100g OM – 200 to 400 meq/100g
106. pH Preferences of Some Common Plants Alkaline loving >7.0 Pin Oak, Magnolia Pine, Juniper Holly, Birch Sweet Gum, Spruce Ash, Beech Dogwood, Maple Spruce, Yew Cedar, Elm Juniper, Poplar Redbud, Willow Tuliptree Poplar, Willow Black Walnut Junipers, Redbud Elm, Maple Hickory Medium Range 6.0 - 7.0 Acid Loving <6.0
111. Leaf Stomata apple corn black oak sunflower None 39,000 None 55,000 250,000 64,000 375,000 100,000 Number of stomata per square inch plant upper lower
12/29/10 Nitrogen can also be converted from inorganic to organic forms by microorganisms, a process called immobilization. It is the reverse of mineralization. Immobilization occurs when crop residues high in carbon (C) and low in N content are incorporated into the soil.
12/29/10 All N sources ... commercial, legumes, crop residues, soil organic matter, and animal manures ... are readily converted to NO 3 -N. All are subject to leaching if they are not utilized by the growing crop or retained in the ammonium- N form.
12/29/10 All N sources ... commercial, legumes, crop residues, soil organic matter, and animal manures ... are readily converted to NO 3 -N. All are subject to leaching if they are not utilized by the growing crop or retained in the ammonium- N form.
12/29/10 Nitrogen produces a green color in plant leaves due to the concentration of chlorophyll. A deficiency of N causes a yellowing (chlorosis) of leaves because of declining chlorophyll. Symptoms first appear on older leaves, then as the deficiency becomes more severe, yellowing begins to appear on younger leaves. This is a typical N deficiency on corn. Grain sorghum develops identical N deficiency symptoms.
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10 All N sources ... commercial, legumes, crop residues, soil organic matter, and animal manures ... are readily converted to NO 3 -N. All are subject to leaching if they are not utilized by the growing crop or retained in the ammonium- N form.
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10
12/29/10 All N sources ... commercial, legumes, crop residues, soil organic matter, and animal manures ... are readily converted to NO 3 -N. All are subject to leaching if they are not utilized by the growing crop or retained in the ammonium- N form.
12/29/10 One of the most common K hunger signs is scorching or firing along leaf margins. The symptom first appears on older leaves of most plants, especially grass-type crops. These K deficiency symptoms on corn are a classic example. Potassium deficiency shows up in many other ways as well.
