2. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
It is the science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent
computer programs. It is related to the
similar task of using computers to
understand human intelligence, but AI does
not have to confine itself to methods that
are biologically observable.
3. WEAK AI VS STRONG AI
WEAK ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Weak AI—also called Narrow AI or
Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI)—is
AI trained and focused to perform
specific tasks. Weak AI drives most of
the AI that surrounds us today.
‘Narrow’ might be a more accurate
descriptor for this type of AI as it is
anything but weak; it enables some
very robust applications. such as
Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa, IBM
Watson, and autonomous vehicles.
STRONG ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Strong AI is made up of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)
and Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI). Artificial general
intelligence (AGI), or general AI, is a theoretical form of AI
where a machine would have an intelligence equaled to
humans; it would have a self-aware consciousness that has
the ability to solve problems, learn, and plan for the future.
Artificial Super Intelligence (ASI)—also known as super
intelligence—would surpass the intelligence and ability of
the human brain. While strong AI is still entirely theoretical
with no practical examples in use today, that doesn't mean
AI researchers aren't also exploring its development. the
best examples of ASI might be from science fiction, such as
HAL, the superhuman, rogue computer assistant in 2001: A
Space Odyssey.
4. DEEP LEARNING VS MACHINE LEARNING
DEEP LEARNING
Deep learning is actually comprised
of neural networks. “Deep” in deep
learning refers to a neural network
comprised of more than three
layers—which would be inclusive of
the inputs and the output—can be
considered a deep learning
algorithm.
MACHINE LEARNING
A machine learning algorithm is fed data by a
computer and uses statistical techniques to help it
“learn” how to get progressively better at a task,
without necessarily having been specifically
programmed for that task. Instead, ML algorithms
use historical data as input to predict new output
values. To that end, ML consists of both supervised
learning (where the expected output for the input is
known thanks to labeled data sets) and
unsupervised learning (where the expected outputs
are unknown due to the use of unlabeled data sets).
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS
• There are numerous, real-world applications of AI systems today. Below are some
of the most common examples:
• Speech recognition: It is also known as automatic speech recognition (ASR),
computer speech recognition, or speech-to-text, and it is a capability which uses
natural language processing (NLP) to process human speech into a written
format. Many mobile devices incorporate speech recognition into their systems to
conduct voice search—e.g. Siri—or provide more accessibility around texting.
• Customer service: Online virtual agents are replacing human agents along the
customer journey. They answer frequently asked questions (FAQs) around topics,
like shipping, or provide personalized advice, cross-selling products or suggesting
sizes for users, changing the way we think about customer engagement across
websites and social media platforms. Examples include messaging bots on e-
commerce sites with virtual agents, messaging apps, such as Slack and Facebook
Messenger, and tasks usually done by virtual assistants and voice assistants.
6. Computer vision: This AI technology enables computers and systems to derive meaningful
information from digital images, videos and other visual inputs, and based on those
inputs, it can take action. This ability to provide recommendations distinguishes it from
image recognition tasks. Powered by convolutional neural networks, computer vision has
applications within photo tagging in social media, radiology imaging in healthcare, and
self-driving cars within the automotive industry.
Recommendation engines: Using past consumption behavior data, AI algorithms can help
to discover data trends that can be used to develop more effective cross-selling strategies.
This is used to make relevant add-on recommendations to customers during the checkout
process for online retailers.
Automated stock trading: Designed to optimize stock portfolios, AI-driven high-frequency
trading platforms make thousands or even millions of trades per day without human
intervention.
7. PROS AND CONS OF AI
PROS
• Artificial intelligence can improve
workplace safety.
• AI can offer accessibility for
people with disabilities.
• AI can make everyday life more
convenient and enjoyable,
improving our health and
standard of living.
CONS
• Artificial intelligence poses
dangerous privacy risks.
• AI repeats and exacerbates
human racism.
• AI will harm the standard of living
for many people by causing mass
unemployment as robots replace
people.
8. TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE
AI can be divided into four categories, based on the
type and complexity of the tasks a system is able to
perform. They are:
1. Reactive machines
2. Limited memory
3. Theory of mind
4. Self awareness
9. REACTIVE MACHINES
• A reactive machine follows the most basic of AI principles and, as its name implies, is capable of only using its
intelligence to perceive and react to the world in front of it. A reactive machine cannot store a memory and, as a
result, cannot rely on past experiences to inform decision making in real time.
• Perceiving the world directly means that reactive machines are designed to complete only a limited number of
specialized duties. Intentionally narrowing a reactive machine’s worldview has its benefits, however: This type of
AI will be more trustworthy and reliable, and it will react the same way to the same stimuli every time.
Examples
• Deep Blue was designed by IBM in the 1990s as a chess-playing supercomputer and defeated international
grandmaster Gary Kasparov in a game. Deep Blue was only capable of identifying the pieces on a chess board and
knowing how each moves based on the rules of chess, acknowledging each piece’s present position and
determining what the most logical move would be at that moment. The computer was not pursuing future
potential moves by its opponent or trying to put its own pieces in better position. Every turn was viewed as its
own reality, separate from any other movement that was made beforehand.
• Google’s Alpha Go is also incapable of evaluating future moves but relies on its own neural network to evaluate
developments of the present game, giving it an edge over Deep Blue in a more complex game. AlphaGo also
bested world-class competitors of the game, defeating champion Go player Lee Sedol in 2016.
10. LIMITED MEMORY
• Limited memory AI has the ability to store previous data and predictions when gathering
information and weighing potential decisions — essentially looking into the past for clues on what
may come next. Limited memory AI is more complex and presents greater possibilities than reactive
machines.
• Limited memory AI is created when a team continuously trains a model in how to analyze and
utilize new data or an AI environment is built so models can be automatically trained and renewed.
• When utilizing limited memory AI in ML, six steps must be followed:
• Establish training data
• Create the machine learning model
• Ensure the model can make predictions
• Ensure the model can receive human or environmental feedback
• Store human and environmental feedback as data
• Reiterate the steps above as a cycle
11. THEORY OF MIND
Theory of mind is just that — theoretical. We have not yet achieved the
technological and scientific capabilities necessary to reach this next level of
AI.
The concept is based on the psychological premise of understanding that
other living things have thoughts and emotions that affect the behavior of
one’s self. In terms of AI machines, this would mean that AI could
comprehend how humans, animals and other machines feel and make
decisions through self-reflection and determination, and then utilize that
information to make decisions of their own. Essentially, machines would have
to be able to grasp and process the concept of “mind,” the fluctuations of
emotions in decision-making and a litany of other psychological concepts in
real time, creating a two-way relationship between people and AI.
12. SELF AWARENESS
Once theory of mind can be established, sometime well into the future of AI,
the final step will be for AI to become self-aware. This kind of AI possesses
human-level consciousness and understands its own existence in the world,
as well as the presence and emotional state of others. It would be able to
understand what others may need based on not just what they communicate
to them but how they communicate it.
Self-awareness in AI relies both on human researchers understanding the
premise of consciousness and then learning how to replicate that so it can be
built into machines.
13. LATEST EXAMPLES
ChatGPT
• ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence chatbot capable of producing written content in a range of formats, from essays
to code and answers to simple questions. Launched in November 2022 by OpenAI, ChatGPT is powered by a large
language model that allows it to closely emulate human writing.
Google Maps
• Google Maps uses location data from smartphones, as well as user-reported data on things like construction and
car accidents, to monitor the ebb and flow of traffic and assess what the fastest route will be.
Snapchat Filters
• Snapchat filters use ML algorithms to distinguish between an image’s subject and the background, track facial
movements and adjust the image on the screen based on what the user is doing.
Self-Driving Cars
• Self-driving cars are a recognizable example of deep learning, since they use deep neural networks to detect
objects around them, determine their distance from other cars, identify traffic signals and much more.
Wearables
• The wearable sensors and devices used in the healthcare industry also apply deep learning to assess the health
condition of the patient, including their blood sugar levels, blood pressure and heart rate. They can also derive
patterns from a patient’s prior medical data and use that to anticipate any future health conditions.
14. FUTURE OF AI
When one considers the computational costs and the technical data infrastructure
running behind artificial intelligence, actually executing on AI is a complex
and costly business. Fortunately, there have been massive advancements in computing
technology, as indicated by Moore’s Law, which states that the number of transistors
on a microchip doubles about every two years while the cost of computers is halved.
Although many experts believe that Moore’s Law will likely come to an end sometime
in the 2020s, this has had a major impact on modern AI techniques — without it, deep
learning would be out of the question, financially speaking. Recent research found
that AI innovation has actually outperformed Moore’s Law, doubling every six months
or so as opposed to two years.
By that logic, the advancements artificial intelligence has made across a variety of
industries have been major over the last several years. And the potential for an even
greater impact over the next several decades seems all but inevitable.
