Allow download after permission.

1. Antioxidants

2. Oxidation
 Chemical rx in which atoms
lose electrons
 May result in free radical
formation

3. Structure of Atoms
 Atom: the smallest unit of matter.
 Atoms are composed of
 Nucleus – positively charged center portion
of the atom
 Electrons – negatively charged particles
surrounding the nucleus

4. Oxidation
 Molecules are composed of atoms.
 During metabolic reactions, electrons can
be transferred
 From the atoms of one molecule
 To the atoms of another molecule

5. Oxidation

6. Oxidation
 Oxidation: the loss of electrons from a
molecule.
 Reduction: the gain of electrons by a
molecule.
 Oxidation and reduction usually occur
together as an exchange reaction.

7. Oxidation
Stable atoms contain an even number of
paired electrons.
Free radical: an atom that has lost an
electron and is left with an unpaired electron.
Free radicals are highly reactive and can
cause damage to molecules in the cell.

8. Free Radicals and Diseases

10. Antioxidants
 Substances that are able to neutralize
reactive molecules and reduce oxidative
damage
 Result of metabolic processes and
environmental sources
 Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene,
Vitamin A, selenium, iron, zinc, copper
and manganese

12. Vitamin E
 Functions: Anti-oxidant
 Guards against damage to membranes from
oxidizing compounds
 Deficiency: Rare (premature infants under
3.5 pounds, people unable to absorb fat or
metabolize fat properly
 Suppresses the immune system because
vitamin E protects White Blood Cells

14. Vitamin E
 Toxicity: Rare
 Sources: Vegetable oils, nuts
and green leafy vegetables,
fortified cereals

15. There's sweet news about hot
cocoa
 Hot cocoa tops red wine and tea in
antioxidants; may be healthier choice
 More antioxidants per cup than a similar serving of
red wine or tea
 per serving basis, the antioxidant concentration in
cocoa was the highest: It was almost 2 times stronger
than red wine, 2-3 times stronger than green tea, and
4-5 times stronger than that of black tea
 New research underlines antioxidant activity in choco
 Vitamin E tocotrienol shows brain protection
promise

16. Vitamin C Functions
 Collagen Formation
 antioxidant
 reduce cancer risk
 helps absorb iron from food
 Reduces risk of colds?????
 probably not
 Linus Pauling’s study
 NutraIngredients

18. Vitamin C
 Deficiency: called scurvy
 poor formation of collagen in blood vessels
 weak vessels result in hemorrhages
 can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and death
 Toxicity: may result in
 kidney stones
 rebound scurvy
 Destruction of B12
 Problems with acid/base balance

19. Vitamin C: RDA 90/75 mg/day
 Foods rich in vitamin C:
 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 124 mg
 1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg
 Smoker’s RDA = +35 mg/day
 Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in reducing
the oxidants of cigarette smoke
 Vitamin C intake offers protection against stom

20. Beta-Carotene-provitamin
 Functions
 Weak antioxidant
 Enhance immune system
 Protect skin and eyes
 Deficiency/toxicity

21. Beta-Carotene-provitamin
 No RDA
 Sources

22. Vitamin A Functions
 Vision: helps with conversion of light
energy to electrical energy in eye
 Cell differentiation-maintenance of linings:
 helps produce the CHO normally found in
mucous
 Bone growth:
 helps with remodeling growing bones

24. Vitamin A Deficiency
 One year supply in fat and liver of most people:
So deficiencies are rare
 Bone growth and remodeling problems
 shape changes
 Linings deteriorate
 GI tract: diarrhea
 Respiratory tract: infections
 urogenital tract: infections, kidney stones
 Impaired night vision and day vision

25. Vitamin A Toxicities
 Bones:
 decalcification, joint pain
 Nervous system
 loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness
 Liver enlargement
 jaundice
 Blood: RBCs loose hemoglobin
 Bleeding induced easily

26. Beta carotene and Vitamin A

27. Vitamin A RDA= 700 RE for
females; 900 RE for males.
 RE= Retinol Equivalent
 Retinol is the active form of vitamin A
 Other molecules can be metabolized to make Retinol,
thus retinol equivalents
 e.g.: beta carotene can be modified to make retinol
 beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep orange and
green vegetables
 1 RE= 1 microgram of retinol
 1 RE= 3.3 IU retinol
 1 RE = 12 micrograms of beta carotene

28. Selenium
 Functions
 Antioxidant system
 Thyroxine and immune function
 Deficiency
 Keshan disease
 Impaired immune response, cognitive
function, muscle pain, wasting
 The Link between Selenium and Chemopreventio
Selenoproteins -- Diwadkar-Navsariwala
and Diamond 134 (11): 2899 -- Journal of Nutrit

29. Selenium – RDA 55 mg/day
 Sources
 Nuts
 Seafood
 Pasta

30. Disorders related to Oxidation
 Cancer - Definitions
 Cancer: uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells
 Tumor: mass of cancer cells
 benign tumor (non-harmful, non-invasive)
 malignant tumor (harmful, invasive)
 Metastatic Cancer: spreading

31. Cancer Facts
 US men have a 1 in 2 lifetime risk
 US women have a 1 in 3 lifetime risk
 1,220,000 new malignant cancer cases in
2000
 552,000 cancer deaths in 2000
 Cancer the Top Killer for Those Under
85 – Jan 20, 2005

32. Cancer Trends
JNCI, 1999
 1990-1996
 All cancer incidence declined by
2.2%
 -4.1% males
 -0.5% females
 USATODAY.com - Cancer deaths
lowest in 7 decades

33. US Mortality, 2000
Source: US Mortality Public Use Data Tape 2000, National Center for Health Statistics,
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002.
 1. Heart Diseases 710,760 29.6

 2. Cancer 553,091 23.0
 3. Cerebrovascular diseases 167,661 7.0

 4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 122,009 5.1

 5. Accidents (Unintentional injuries) 97,900 4.1

 6. Diabetes mellitus 69,301 2.9

 7. Influenza and Pneumonia 65,313 2.7

 8. Alzheimer’s disease 49,558 2.1

9. Nephritis 37,251 1.5
 10. Septicemia 31,224 1.3
Rank Cause of Death
No. of
deaths
% of all
deaths

34. 2004 Estimated US Cancer Deaths*
ONS=Other nervous system.
*Excludes basal and squamous cell skin cancers and in situ carcinomas except urinary bladder.
Source: American Cancer Society, 2003.
Men
285,900
Women
270,600
25% Lung & bronchus
15% Breast
10% Colon & rectum
6% Pancreas
6% Ovary
4% Leukemia
3% Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma
3% Uterine corpus
2% Brain/ONS
2% Multiple myeloma
Lung & bronchus 32%
Prostate 10%
Colon & rectum 10%
Pancreas 5%
Leukemia 5%
Non-Hodgkin 4%
lymphoma
Esophagus 4%
Liver/intrahepatic 3%
bile duct
Urinary bladder 3%
Kidney 3%

35. The Cancer Development
Process
Initiation
 Alterations in DNA
 minutes - days
 Causes:
 radiation
 chemical carcinogens
 viruses

36. The Cancer Development
Process
Promotion
 “locking” DNA alterations
 failure of DNA repair
mechanisms
 months - years

37. The Cancer Development
Process
 Cancer Progression
 Uncontrolled growth of cancer
cells
 malignancy and metastasis
 weeks to years

38. Cancer DevelopmentCancer Development
http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/cancer/activities/activity2_animations.htm

40. Diet and Cancer Development
 Initiation
 Dietary sources of carcinogens
 aflatoxin mold from peanuts
 benzopyrene from charbroiled meats
 nitrosamine from cured meats
 AICR Press Corner - Recent News
 Protection
 phytochemicals
 antioxidants
 dietary fiber
 Study will assess effect of tomato oil on precancerous prostate
changes

41. Diet and Cancer Development
 Promotion
 Fat and PUFA
 excess alcohol
 Progression
 excess Fat and calories
 Alaska Journal of Commerce Online

42. Diet and Cancer
ACS 2000
 One third of cancer deaths in US is
due to cigarette smoking
 One third of cancer deaths in US is
due to diet
 5-10% of cancers are hereditary
 NutraIngredients

43. 1999 ACS Dietary Guidelines
Choose most of the foods you eat
from plant sources.
 Five A DayHealthy fruit and veg compounds
being lost in processing
 low in fat and calories
 high in folic acid, vitamin C, beta-carotene
 high in fiber
 high in phytochemicals
 ABC News: Turn to Tomatoes for Prostate
Health
 FOXNews.com - Health - Vitamin D May

44. Trends in Consumption of Recommended
Vegetable and Fruit Servings (5 or more) for
Cancer Prevention, Adults 18 and Older, US, 1994-
2000
* Includes fewer than 50 states and the District of Columbia. All other prevalences include the 50 states and District
of Columbia.
Source: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2000, National Center for Chronic Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001.
Prevalence (%)
22
24 24 23
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1994
*
1996 1998 2000

45. Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
 Risk factors
 Smoking
 Hypertension
 High LDL
 Obesity
 Sedentary life style
 Nutrition Notes: How to fight inflammation -
Nutrition Notes - MSNBC.com

47. CVD and Antioxidants
 Scavengers
 Donates electrons
 Reduction of inflammation
 Enhances immune system
 Reduction of blood coagulation

48. Vision impairment
 Macular degeneration
 Promising results
 Cataracts
 Mixed results