1. Participants, Biases, Statistical Rationale and Use of
Quantitative
Methods
D
VIV
Survey Design
Experimental
Design
IV
I
V
Moderator
D
V
DV
Mediator
Self-concept
Self-efficacy
Self-
confidence
Self-conscious
Self-esteem
Measurement of
perceived self-
schemas
1 5

2. 2
Survey and Experimental Designs
Quantitative Methods
[S]
Survey Design
•Generalized results from a sample to the general population
•Economic procedure: Efficient yet effective technique
•Survey can be either cross-sectional or longitudinal to
control for temporal effects
•Survey distribution via mail, internet, phone
•Sampling can be random, convenient or stratified
Experimental Design
•A causal variable, the independent variable (IV), is
manipulated
•Control group present to compare effects
•Takes place in a lab
•Variables are controlled systematically to reduce errors
•Higher internal validity
[E]

3. 3Validity in Survey Design
Report on validity of instruments established in past literature
ContentValidity
ConcurrentValidity
ConstructValidity
ConvergentValidity
DiscriminantValidity
Instrument items
represent the
completeness of
a construct
Ñ
Results concur or
correspond with
respondent’s existing
characteristic to
predict a criterion
Instrument measures
exclusively a
construct it intends to
measure
Measures of various
instruments correlate to
represent a construct
Measures of an instrument
negatively correlate or do
not relate with each other
to represent a construct
F M 18-25 26-30
When using already developed
surveys, obtain permission from
the developers first.

4. 4
Statistical Values
Power, statistical significance level and effect size
Descriptive Analysis
Indicate the means, standard deviations,
and range of scores
Set the
values
before
the study
Power 80%
Significance Level 95%
Effect Size 50%
Scale
Categorical
F M 18-25 26-30
Continuous
Very strong Very weak
Alpha (α) level, Effect size,
power

5. Determining
Sample Size
5

6. 6
Non-respondent bias
Non-respondents would have answered differently
• Compare respondents and non-respondents traits
• Contact non-respondents to see how they answer
i
q a 1
Infomedia Social Media Be Creative Be Selfi

7. 7
Response Biases
and the strategies to counteract them
Acquiescence bias
Tendency to
agree or select
‘yes’/conforming
answers
Demand characteristics
Responses or
behaviors adjusted
to the purpose of the
research
Extreme responding
Tendency to
choose
continuously either
extreme or neutral
answers
Social desirability bias
Tendency to adopt
a socially desirable
behavior

8. 8
Experimental Methods
Participants, materials, procedures and measures
Participants
Indicate how participants were recruited
a
Random
Non-random
True Experiment
Quasi-experiment
• Match participants
Materials
Procedures Measures
Random
True Experiment
Performance
Intervention
Effectiveness
Information
Processing
Organizational
Success
Learning
effects

9. 9
Variables in Experimental Design
Need to be specified before the experiment
r s q E a c
Control
Variable
Variable held
constant
Mediator
Variable
Explains the
intervening
process between
IV and DV
Manipulated or
Controlled Variable
Independent
Variable (IV)
Measured
Variable
Dependent
Variable (DV)
Confounding
Variable
Moderator
Variable
Moderates the
strength and
direction of a
relationship
Interacting
variable that is
not measured
IV DV

10. 10
Experimental Design: Notation System
Quasi and True Experimental Design Notations
Group A
Non-random  Quasi-experimental
Group B
R
Group B
Group A
Observation
Post-test
Observation
Pre-test
Observation
Pre-test
Observation
Post-test
R
Random  True experimental
Observation
Pre-test
Observation
Pre-test
Observation
Post-test
Observation
Post-test

11. 11
Discussion
Question
Experimenter’s Dilemma:
Discuss the trade-off between internal
and external (ecological) validity.
Which is more important? Explain.
Internal validity= highly controlled setting, artificial
but strong results
but
Specificity of the study lowers
external/ecological validity or generalizability

12. 12
References
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tincidunt. In nec lacus laoreet orci varius imperdiet sit amet in augue.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design:
Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed
Methods Approaches (4th
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications, Inc.
Leary, M. (2012). Introduction to Behavioral
Research Methods (6th
ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson
Education, Inc.

13. Thanks
for Coming