1. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Overview modules / course material 2015

2. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 1.0
From transport to traffic

3. V2010-1
Modal split /
Modal shift
Rail transport
Demand for rail transport
Spatial
planning
Economy
Mobility
Following market requirements
or politically driven

4. V2010-1
Classification of Railway systems
Rail transport course based on Joern Pachl
Public Transport
and goods
Industrial
railways
Streetcars,
trams
Local electric
railways
Metro,
Subways
Mountain
railways
Other special
railways
Connected to
the public network
Not connected to
the public network
Standard
railway
Light rail
systems
Railway
systems
Monorail
systems
Special railway
systems

5. V2010-1
Site preparation.
Substructure
It comprises the subgrade itself, including in particular embankments, cuttings, drainage channels,
planting for protection side slopes etc.
Superstructure
This consists of the rails (including turnouts and crossings), sleepers, fastenings, ballast and sub ballast or slab track.
Engineering structures
Viaducts, (moveable) bridges, tunnels, covered cuttings, culverts and other underpasses, retaining walls etc.
Level crossings
Including appliances to ensure the safety of road traffic.
Traction power supply
Which includes catenaries or supports of third rail, substations, power supply cables and control equipment.
Safety, signalling and telecommunications installations
Signal masts and / or cab signalling systems, train detection system, train control equipment, cables and control systems.
Additional facilities
For example baffle boards, fences etc.
Ground area
Stations and stops
Terminals, platforms, pedestrian route, elevators, escalators, stairs etc.
The railway system and its components

6. V2010-1
Transport Traffic Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Passenger-
and ton-kilometres
Demand for transport
Origin and destination
Definition of the transport
needs to be satisfied
(product- market)
Ticket price
Quality of service
Travel time
Frequency of service
Punctuality
Change needed
Reliability
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraints
Environmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety
Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction
1500 Volt / 25kV
Functions
Preconditions

7. V2010-1
Door to door journey
Connecting mode
Main leg
Connecting mode

8. V2010-1
Logistic chain

9. V2010-1
Organisation goods transport
• Full train load
• Unit cargo
• Intermodal transport

10. V2010-1
Full train load
• One customer, one train. No shunting. Fast.
• Goods from origin to destination by train. No other transport
mode needed. No throughput.
• “Chartered” trains. No freight, no train.
Ores
Cereals
Cars

11. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 2.1
Rolling stock

12. V2010-1
Traffic
Three pillars of the rail system
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction
1500 Volt / 25kV

13. V2010-1
Our clients
People
Goods

14. V2010-1
=€
Transport capacity
Revenues
=€

15. V2010-1
Width and height
Rail head
NL L
D DK
A PL EU GB
1500 mm Standard or normal track width
Track gauge
1435 mm
3150 mm
2790 mm
1380 mm
3500mm
3805mm
4650mm
4320mm
3220mm
Overhead contact wire, viaducts and tunnels
Vehicle gauge

16. V2010-1
Length
Freight European UIC standard = 750 m.
While in the United States … .

17. V2010-1
Weight
Rail head
Axle load
2 axles
4 axles
Ton / meter
Class Axle load
103 kg
Ton / meter
103 kg / m.
A 16 5,0
B / B1 18 5,0
B2 18 6,4
C / C2 20 6,4
C3 20 7,2
C4 20 8,0
D / D2 22,5 6,4
D3 22,5 7,2
D4 22,5 8,0

18. V2010-1
Rolling stock
Basic forms vehicles
Locomotive
Wagon
Coach
Multiple unit

19. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 2.2
Rolling stock

20. V2010-1
Train characteristics
One direction
Two directions

21. V2010-1
• Long: Trains up to 400 m. passengers and up to 750 m.
freight (Europe).
• Heavy: Freight trains up to (gross) 5400 ton (Europe).
• High top speed: HST 200 - 350 km/h.
• Slow: Acceleration and deceleration.
• Limited gradient: 2,5 - 4 % maximum.
• Power: Diesel, electric (external supply) or hybrid
Train characteristics

22. V2010-1
Product – market combinations freight
Multimodal
Ores (bulk)
Chemistry
Steel
Unit cargo /
automotive

23. V2010-1
Regional
10 – 30 km. 2-4x t/u.
Multicity
10 – 30 km. 4-8x t/u.
30 - 100 km. 2-6x t/u.
International
300 – 1000 km. 6x t/d.
International
1000+ km. 1x t/d.
National
100 - 300 km. 1x t/u.
Product – market combinations passengers
Urban
3 – 10 km. 8-16x t/u.
Urban
1 – 3 km. 8-16x t/u.

24. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 3.0
Guided transport systems

25. V2010-1
Traffic Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
Trains
Number and length
Cruise speed
Acceleration and
deceleration
Weight
Diesel or electric traction
1500 Volt / 25kV
Functions

26. V2010-1
Guided transport
• Only a single degree of movement. Infrastructure
determents direction and position.
There is no steering wheel inside the vehicle!
What is the most essential
characteristic element
of rail transport?

27. V2010-1
Guided transport
Guided transport systems in components
Passenger compartment
Drivers cab
Engine / propulsion
Bus
(way)
Tram / train
Support
Guide

28. V2010-1
Train(type) versus infrastructure

29. V2010-1
Network elements
Only three elements:
• Transfer node
• Link
• Junction node

30. V2010-1
Junction node
• A network consists of many transfer nodes. Linked
together with junction nodes.
Characteristics:
Speed (maximum), relations, and synchronism

31. V2010-1
Rail transport
Module 4.0
Track alignment

32. V2010-1
Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraints
Environmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety
Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Functions
Preconditions

33. V2010-1
V2
R
= a Cant allows higher speeds
g = gravity (m/s2)
h = cant (m)
s = gauge (m)
(g x h)
s
+
Maximum speed according to elementary physics (centrifugal
acceleration) is limited (safety / comfort / wear).
• V = speed (m/s)
• R = curve (m)
• a = (centrifugal) acceleration (m/s2)
Maximum centrifugal acceleration for passenger comfort = 0,8 m/s2
Curved track

34. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 5.0
Turnouts and crossings

35. V2010-1
Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraints
Environmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety
Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs
Functions
Preconditions

36. V2010-1
Routes (the amount of)
D
EC
A
B
Routes or connections is the amount of possible exits
across an interlocking from a specific track (in one
movement!).
For instance: There is only one possible route from
track A; track D.

37. V2010-1
Synchronism
D
EC
A
B
Routes A- D and B – E

38. V2010-1
Standard turnout
Switch rails or points
Frog
Front Rear
Check or
guard rail
Scheme
standard turnout
Operating rod to switch stand
‘Hand throw’ or switch / point machine
remote controlled

39. V2010-1
Standard turnout
Front
Rear
Check or
guard rail
standard turnout
Prevents wheel flange
(opposite wheel) taking
‘the wrong direction’

40. Rail Transport
Module 6.0
Terminals and stops

41. V2010-1
Transport Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Quality of service
Change needed
Required space

42. Intermediate terminal and stop
Stop
Terminal

43. The four main functions
Platform
Hall
Forecourt
Pedestrianroute

44. “Creepy types”
I work night shifts.
Is it safe to travel
in the evening or
at night?
Social security

45. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 7.1 Signalling and safety

46. V2010-1
Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraints
Environmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety
Legislation
Interaction scenery
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs

47. V2010-1
Safety directly related to the train system
• Infrastructure limitations
• Train separation
• Interaction with other transport modes
(level crossings)
• Rail defects

48. V2010-1
Infrastructure limitations
Movable
Bridges
Curves
Points
Buffer
stop

49. V2010-1
Train separation
Tools
Communication
Information
Control
Movement authorisation
Point machines
Remote controlled and part of an interlocking
Train detection
GSM-R
Signalling

50. V2010-1
Movement authority
Different forms:
• Spoken
• Written
• Procedures
• Tokens
• Signs
• Light signals
• Electronic
The message is always the same:
“From – to” and maximum speed allowed.

51. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 7.2 Signalling and safety

52. V2010-1
Infrastructure based traffic control system
4
2
Higher speeds ≈ longer blocks

53. V2010-1
Infrastructure based traffic control system
Track circuits
Power
source
Relay
+
+ -
-
Gravity
Block occupied
Insulating
joints
Insulating
joints
Track circuit

54. V2010-1
Infrastructure based traffic control system
Axle counters
Axle counters
60 402

55. V2010-1
Vehicle based traffic control system
Authority and
track description
GSM-R
Train position and
train integrity
ERTMS level 3

56. V2010-1
ERTMS GSM-R
2
EVC
TIM
DMI
Antenna
RBC
IXL
Eurobalise
Train report
Identification, position,
actual speed, train integrity,
Level and mode
GSM-R
876–880 MHz
Traffic management
Signalling system
Interlocking
Odo

57. V2010-1
ERTMS GSM-R
2
EVC
TIM
DMI
Antenna
RBC
IXL
Eurobalise
Movement Authority (MA)
Distance of the movement authority,
static speed profile, gradient profile
and linking information
GSM-R
921–925 MHz
Traffic management
Signalling system
Interlocking
Odo

58. V2010-1
‘Safety net’
Limit effects of passing a stop signal
1. Crosslocks in combination with a trap point.
Preventing a train entering an occupied track.

59. 2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 8
Rail system design / capacity

60. 2010-1
Brake margin
= 5 m.
Couple / split
= 5 m. extra
Train length part 1 Train length part 2
Sum platform length = longest train + 5 m. brake margin +
potential 5 m. couple / split
From train length to track length
End face platform
Dwarf signal = 15 m. End face platform
Standard signal= 10 m.
Fouling point –
Insulating joints =
4x tangent + 5 m.
Insulating
Joint - Signal
General 10 m.
Fouling point –
Insulating joints =
4x tangent + 5 m.
Insulating
Joint - Signal
General 10 m.
Gross track length between fouling point indicators is 405 meter for 340 meter long train!

61. 2010-1
Headway
1181 m.1181 m.
9 seconds
reaction
time
325
2687 m. / 130 km/h = 1 minute 14 seconds.
130 – 0 = 1181 meter.
9 sec. / 130 km/h = 325 meter.
1506 meter / 130 km/h = 42 seconds
Cab signalling
Blok system
Curve brake ≤ 0,66 m/s2

62. 2010-1
Line capacity
Time / Distance time timetable

63. 2010-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance →
Time→
A B C D E
00
12
02
22
15
27
Line capacity

64. 2010-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Distance →
Time→
A B C D E
Line capacity

65. Environmental capacity
• Geographic topics
• Traffic related topics
• Social topics
•Visual hindrance
•Spatial planning
“Healing” city structure
Noise reduction
Vibrations
Hazardous goods

66. Rail Transport
Module 9.0 Track concepts
The balance between safety, space and speed

67. V2010-1
Infrastructure
Three pillars of the rail system
Functions
Preconditions
Track length
Speed (maximum)
Routes
Synchronism
External constraints
Environmental
Relation with other modalities
Safety
Legislation
Interaction public space
Technical aspects
Required space
Maintenance
Costs

68. V2010-1
Drivers appreciation
(optional)
Line side signal masts
Signalling
Cab signalling
(required)
Traffic regulation with signalling
(required)
0 18 200140 300+50

69. V2010-1
Braking power
5,2 m/s2 = 36 meter
2,5 m/s2 = 76 meter
4,5 m/s2 = 42 meter
1,0 m/s2 = 189 meter
1,2 m/s2 = 157 meter
0,66 m/s2 = 286 meter
Braking distance at 70 km/h
Legislation
Passenger comfort

70. V2010-1
Interaction with other transport modes
0 18 200140 300+50
Mixed
traffic
Crossings
Traffic lights
Level crossing
(secured)
Completely segregated
infrastructure
Additional
shielding

71. Track concepts
• Fully integrated track
• Free (tramway) track
• Exclusive (tramway) track
• Fully segregated track
Speed Safety measures
Required space

72. Fully integrated track

73. Fully segregated track

74. Fully segregated track
(automated, driverless operation)
Renewed line 1 Paris
Sliding doors match vehicle
like an elevator

75. Rail transport
Module 10.0
The railroad and it’s environment

76. Integration
• Geographic topics
• Traffic related topics
• Social topics
•Visual hindrance
•Spatial planning
“Healing” city structure
Noise reduction

77. 77 © 2009 ARCADIS
Geographic
topics
Waterways

78. Automatic crossings
Start alarm bells and red lights:
25 seconds based on maximum track speed allowed.
V= 130 km/h = 903 m.

79. Gradients different modalities
7%
5%
2,5%

80. Different level crossing rail - road
Optimalisation
1,7% = 120 m. 2,50m.
4,60m.
7% = 50 m.50 m. = 3%
2,00 m.

81. … hybrid.
Solution …
Visual hindrance
Overhead contact wire

82. V2010-1
Rail Transport
Module 11 Line planning and rescheduling

83. V2010-1
Line planning
Line planning
OV SAAL 2016
ASD
WP
ASB
RAIASDZHFD SHL
ASDL
ASSH
ASS
ASDM ASSP DMN
DVD DMNZ
HVS
HVSN
NDB
BSMZ
ALMPT ALM
ALMM
ALMP ALMO
ALMB LLS
KPNZ
DNT ZL
AMFS
AVAT
BRN
AMF
es dv
hnk
paris/bxl
rtd
bd
hfdo
gvc
gvc
gvc
hfdo
hfdo
hfdo
hfdo
hfdo
ut ut
ut
ut
HST
Intercity
All station service
Goods
awhv
on
bh
gn/lw
kfh
hfdo
Product – market
translation

84. V2010-1
ASD
WP
ASDM ASSP DMN
HVS
HVSN
NDB
BSMZ
AMFS
AVAT
BRN
AMF
es dv
ut
ut
awhv
bh
shl
alm
alm
Hilversum
Amsterdam Centraal
Form line planning to time table
Line planning
OV SAAL 2016
HST
Intercity
All station service
Goods
ut

85. V2010-1
Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol Hilversum
AlmereTransfer
Transfer
Weesp
Cross platform
Gpda
Mdsa
Form line planning to infrastructure

86. V2010-1
Rescheduling

87. V2010-1
Amsterdam Centraal
Schiphol Hilversum
Almere
Amsterdam X !
Weesp
Schiphol ☺
Gpda
Mdsa
Rescheduling
‘Yellow infra’
Infrastructure required
for a complete / corridor
blockade

88. V1.1, 21-9-09
Rail Transport
Module 12
Introduction traction power supply

89. V2010-1
Traffic
Three pillars of the rail system
Trains
electric traction
1500 Volt / 25kV
Metro / tram
600 / 750 V

90. V1.1, 21-9-09
Contact wire support structures
Frame
2.85 meter
Height 5.50 meter
Height
8.50 meter

91. V1.1, 21-9-09
Energy
10.000 V ≈
1.800 V =
4 kA + -
Ω
± 1.500 V
4 kA
M
U = I * R
Power (max) = U * I = 6mW
Power plant Substation

92. V1.1, 21-9-09
Sections
To allow maintenance to the traction power supply system,
without having to turn off the entire system, the line is split
up into electrically separated portions known as
"sections".
D
EC
A
B
Insulator

93. Thank you
Any questions?
andre.vanes@arcadis.nl / a.vanes@utwente.nl
+31 6 2706 2413