About Transgenic animals

2. TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
Presentation by: Andleeb Sultana

3. CONTENTS
• Definition
• Historical background
• Classification
• Methods used for the production of Transgenic
animals
• Examples
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Applications

4. DEFINITION
• Transgenic are genetically modified
organisms with DNA from another source
inserted into their genome.
• Organisms that have transgenes are termed to
be as Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMO’S).

5. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• First GMO- In 1973 by Stanley N. Cohen and
Herbert Boyer.
• First transgenic animals (mice) – in 1974 by
Rudolf Jaenisch.
• First genetically modified commercialized
animal -GloFish, a Zebra fish with
a fluorescent gene .
• First genetically modified animal- approved for
food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.

6. GMO’S CLASSIFICATION
Five major categories
• Disease models
• Transpharmers
• Xenoplanters
• Food sources
• Scientific models

7. METHODS
• Embryonic stem cell method
• Pronucleus method
• Retrovirus mediated gene transfer

8. The Embryonic stem cell method
• Embryonic stem cells
• Formation of gametocytes
• Injection into blastocysts
• Injection into Foster Mother
• Formation of new individual

9. Pronucleus Method
• Formation of DNA as in the first method
• Fusion of male pronucleus with desired DNA
• Formation of diploid zygote
• Mitotic Division
• Formation of two cell embryo
• Transferring to Foster Mother
• Formation of new individual

10. • The image is a comparison
between a transgenic mouse
and a normal mouse
• The giant mouse developed
from a fertilized egg
transformed with a
recombinant DNA molecule
containing the HUMAN
GROWTH HARMONE

11. Reterovirus Mediated transfer
• Retroviruses used as a vectors to transfer
genetic material into host cell resulting in
Chimera

12. Figure: 1 Method 1: Embryonic stem cell method, Method 2: Pronucleus method

13. Figure:2 Method 3: Retrovirus Mediated
transfer

14. Examples of GMO’S
• Mice
• Cats
• Goat
• Sheep
• Chicken
• Cow
• Horse
• Dogs
• Fish
• Cats
• Spiders
• Pigs
Figure 3: Transgenic spider for more silk production

15. Transgenic Cow
• Transgenic cows carrying extra copies of two
types of casein genes produce 13% more milk
protein
• Currently the milk of these animals is under
FDA review
Figure 4: Transgenic Cow

16. EnviroPig
Advantages
Organ transplant harvesting
Study of human membrane co factor protein
Disadvantages
Breeding problems
Mutation will occur
Discharges phytase which is pollutant to
environment

17. Figure 5: Enviropig released phytase (harmful for environment)

18. Transgenic Sheep
It is used as a model for studying;
Immunology
Human blood clotting factor VIII
Transplantation
Heamatology
Biological product manufacturing
Recombinant DNA
Drug Production in Milk
Figure 6: Transgenic
sheep

19. Transgenic Mice
Knock-out technology allows for specific loss of
gene in mice
Figure 7: Transgenic Mice

23. Transgenic Monkey
It is so similar to humans hence it is used in
clinical trials in studying;
HIV
Hungtington’s Disease

24. Transgenic Rabbits
• Alba, the EGFP (Enhanced GPF) bunny
• Created in 2000, as a transgenic artwork
Figure 8: Transgenic rabbit

26. ADVANTAGES OF TRANSGENIC
ANNIMALS
• Increased growth rate
• Improved disease resistance
• Improved food conversion rates
• Increased muscle mass
• Improved nutritional quality
• Improved wool quality

27. DISADVANTAGES OF
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
• Inserted gene has multiple functions
• Breeding problems
• Sometimes leads to mutagenesis and
functional disorders
• Low survival rate

28. APPLICATIONS
• Production of recombinant proteins
• Antibody Production
• Organ transplantation
• Model of infection/ Disease model
• Elucidation of the role of genes
• Surgical techniques
• Cancer Models