Mating Habits: Dueterostomes vs. Protostomes Anam Ashraf and Jazeb Ifikhar

1. Mating Habits:
Deuterostome vs.
Protostome
By: Anam Ashraf and Jazeb Ifikhar
Animal Biology
Dr. Terdal

2. Overview
Sharks, Octopuses, Flatworms
• Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Taxonomy
• Gender Differences
• Mating Habits
http://fijisharkdiving.blogspot.com/2013/
04/new-caledonia-shark-sanctuary.html
http://www.icytales.com/these-facts-
will-blow-your-mind/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mating_Pseudobic
eros_bedfordi.png

3. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Differentiated By:
– Spiral vs. Radial Cleavage
– Mosaic vs. Regulative
Cleavage
– Embryonic Development
– Schizocoelous vs.
Enterocoelous Coelom
Formation
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/BIOL110F2013/Animals+T
wo++Animals+with+Body+Cavities%3A+Pseudocoelomates+a
nd+Protostome+Coelomates

4. Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes
• Differentiated By:
– Spiral vs. Radial
Cleavage
– Mosaic vs. Regulative
Cleavage
– Embryonic Development
– Schizocoelous vs.
Enterocoelous Coelom
Formation
https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/BIOL110F2013/Animals+T
wo++Animals+with+Body+Cavities%3A+Pseudocoelomates+a
nd+Protostome+Coelomates

5. Embryonic Development
Protostomes
• “First mouth”.
• Blastopore becomes the
mouth.
– The second opening will
become the anus.
– Includes most invertebrates.
Deuterostomes
• “Second mouth”.
• The blastopore becomes the
anus first . Mouth develops
as the second opening.
• Includes Echinoderms and
Vertebrates

6. http://dream-
prophecy.blogspot.com/2013/02/the-universal-
order-of-design-animals.html

7. Bull Shark
Deuterostome

8. Bull Shark: Taxonomy
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Carcharhinidae
Genus: Carcharhinus
Species: Carcharhinus leucas

9. Bull Shark: Male vs. Female
• Female sharks are larger
• Male sharks have modified pelvic fins called claspers, which are used
during reproduction. Females do not possess claspers.
• Males insert the claspers into the female during intercourse and transfer
sperm into her reproductive tract.
• Males actually have a pair of sacs underneath their skin that they fill with
water prior to intercourse. These water-filled sacs are used as a hydraulic
system to propel the sperm as far up the female’s reproductive tract as
possible.
http://www.sharksider.com/shark-anatomy/

10. Bull Shark: ‘How to Woo your Mate’
• Male sharks have to bite the head, gill or pectoral
fin region of the female in order to mate. Not only
that, they also have to hold on for several minutes.
• Evolutionary defense mechanisms in Female
sharks:
- If you look at a cross section of a female shark’s
skin you will see that it is noticeably thicker than
that of a similar-sized male.
• Remarkable healing abilities: wounds heal up
within weeks

11. Flatworm
Protostome

12. Flatworm: Taxonomy
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Turbellaria
Order: Polycladia
Family: Pseudocerotidae
Genus:Pseudoceros
Species: Pseudoceros bifurcus

13. Flatworm: ‘Who’s the Daddy?’
• Hermaphrodites: possess both male and female
organs.
– Stylets: Male Organ
– Antrums: Female Organ
• The stronger ‘sex’ is the male.

14. Flatworms: ‘Penis Fencing’
• Two flatworms move toward each other with
their stylets protruding.
• The two partners attempt to stab the other.
• The successful animal attaches to the partner
with its stylet embedded in the skin in the
other for a few minutes.
• Sperm gets injected.

15. Flatworms: ‘Penis Fencing’
• Unique Quality: Flatworms can fertilize or be
fertilized. This can happen at the same time.
• Penis Fencing Goal: Impregnate the other
flatworm without having their own eggs
fertilized.

16. Octopus
Protostome

17. Octopus: Taxonomy
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Octopoda
Family: Octopodidae
Genus:Octopus
Species: Octopus vulgaris

18. Octopus: Gender Differences
• Hectocotylus
- Usually the third right arm in males, contain
sperm.
- A little longer than the other arms.
- Suckers absent on tip.
• Females contain a reproductive mantle cavity.

19. Octopus: Mating Habits
• Flashing: Male flashes different patterns on skin to attract females.
• Male octopuses are attracted to larger females because they produce more
eggs, giving them a higher probability of gene transmittal.
• Cannibalism: intercourse is risky for the male as the female is known to
strangle her beau after/during copulation.
- This is why the male usually stays at an arms length during the process.
- Some octopuses detach their sperm-filled arm once inside the female
and escape.
• In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for
weeks until her eggs are mature.
• Both male and female octopuses become weak after intercourse and end up
dying sooner or later.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4fkQZrfeYXQ

20. References
• https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/tran_tram
/classification.htm
• https://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2014/tran_tram
/reproduction.htm
• http://www.arkive.org/bull-shark/carcharhinus-
leucas/
• http://safinacenter.org/2013/08/weird-world-
shark-mating/
• http://ppcorn.com/us/2016/01/05/top-8-reasons-
octopus-sex-freakiest/