1. TDC 1
Pedagogical Grammar
Class 7

2. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
• WRAPPED BEGGED KISSED WORKED
• BEES BIRDS CATS DOGS
• STUDIED LOVED BURIED STARTED
• MAKES KILLS SHOWS EXPLAINS
Why is this being studied in a grammar book?
Find the odd one out.
Read the information on p.86 to check.

3. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
• With nouns, is the plural marker.
-s
-s
• With verbs, is used for the third person singular
form in the Simple Present.
-s
• With nouns, is also used to mark possession.-s
• is associated with the Simple Past.
-ed
-ed
• is also associated with the Past Participle form.
PERFECT TENSES / PASSIVE VOICE / ADJECTIVES
-ed
What is it associated with?
What is it associated with?

4. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
Typical ELL Errors (Can you correct them?)
- Some cats /s/ are sleeping by the trees /s/ that we
planted /əd/ last year.
- The police followed /əd/ the speeding car and
proceeded / əd/ to interrogate the driver and her
passengers /z/.
- The most popular animals at the zoo are the monkeys
/s/, giraffes /s/ and elephants /s/.
- There are many reasons /z/ why the judges / əz/
reached / əd/ their verdict so quickly.
- When spring arrived əd/, the seeds /z/ that she had
planted / əd/ a month earlier began to sprout from the
earth.

5. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
/s/
How can we pronounce –s? Which one is the most
common?
How can we pronounce –ed? Which one is the
most common?
/z/ /əz/
/t/ /d/ /əd/

6. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
Variations of sounds are produced by...
1) ... altering the place where the sound is made
(point of articulation).
2) ... altering the manner in which the sound is
made (manner of articulation).
3) ... altering voicing.
How are sounds made? How do sounds vary?
1) beat ≠ but 2) f ≠ b 3) p ≠ b

7. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
Consonants
Voiced Voiceless
/b/ cab /ð/ bathe /p/ cap
/d/ grade /l/ call /t/ grate
/g/ bag /m/ name /k/ back
/v/ have /n/ can /f/ half
/z/ rise /ŋ/ song /s/ rice
/dʒ/ surge /tʃ/ search
/ʒ/ massage /ʃ/ cash
/r/ purr /θ/ bath
What about the vowels? Which ones are voiced
and which ones are voiceless?

8. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
Do we need to memorize
this chart at this point?
Voiced Voiceless
/b/ cab /ð/ bathe /p/ cap
/d/ grade /l/ call /t/ grate
/g/ bag /m/ name /k/ back
/v/ have /n/ can /f/ half
/z/ rise /ŋ/ song /s/ rice
/dʒ/ surge all vowels /tʃ/ search
/ʒ/ massage /ʃ/ cash
/r/ purr /θ/ bath
How else can we find out
if a sound is voiced or
voiceless?
To verify if a phoneme is voiced or
voiceless, try putting your fingers
over your Adam’s apple. If you can
feel an increased vibration when
pronouncing the sound, then it is a
voiced sound.

9. Pronunciation of –s and –ed
Voiceless Ending Phoneme Voiced Ending Phoneme
sock love listen stop number watch sound
follow influence take language dog
Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.
elephant
write measure victory giraffe business tie
sock
stop
watch
love
listen
number
sound
follow
influence
take
language dog
elephant
write
measure
victory
giraffe
business
tie

10. Pronunciation of –s
Match the phonemes to their
corresponding uses and
come up with examples.
Voiced Voiceless
/b/ cab /ð/ bathe /p/ cap
/d/ grade /l/ call /t/ grate
/g/ bag /m/ name /k/ back
/v/ have /n/ can /f/ half
/z/ rise /ŋ/ song /s/ rice
/dʒ/ surge all vowels /tʃ/ search
/ʒ/ massage /ʃ/ cash
/r/ purr /θ/ bath
Add This Sound Ending Sound
1. /z/
Voiceless
_____ /t/, /f/, /k/, /p/, /θ/
2. /s/
Other
_____ /s/, /z/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/, /dʒ/,/ʒ/
3. /əz/
Voiced
_____ /d/, /v/, /g/, /b/, /ð/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, all vowels
1
2
3

11. /s/ /z/ /əz/
arrives
dogs
trees
plants
reaches
cats bees birds dresses
elephants
houses
giraffes judges works
washes follows
Pronunciation of –s
Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.
WB – page 158, ex 3.8.14

12. Pronunciation of –s

13. Pronunciation of –ed
Match the phonemes to their
corresponding uses and come
up with examples.
Voiced Voiceless
/b/ cab /ð/ bathe /p/ cap
/d/ grade /l/ call /t/ grate
/g/ bag /m/ name /k/ back
/v/ have /n/ can /f/ half
/z/ rise /ŋ/ song /s/ rice
/dʒ/ surge all vowels /tʃ/ search
/ʒ/ massage /ʃ/ cash
/r/ purr /θ/ bath
Add This Sound Ending Sound
1. /t/
Voiceless
_____ /f/, /k/, /p/, /θ/, /s/, /tʃ/, /ʃ/
2. /d/
Other
_____ /d/, /t/
3. /əd/
Voiced
_____ /v/, /g/, /b/, /ð/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /z/, /dʒ/,/ʒ/,
all vowels
2
1
3

14. /t/ /d/ /əd/
faxed
influenced
closed
disliked
explained
avoided
guarded
disarmed chewed
faced
calculated
educated
imagined
extended
guided
fetched
Pronunciation of –ed
Classify these words according to their ending phoneme.
WB – page 157, ex 3.8.13

15. Pronunciation of –ed WB – page 156, ex .8 and .9

16. Now, let’s try listening for the different
pronunciations of –ed.
Try the exercise your teacher will propose.
Pronunciation of –ed

17. Passive Voice
- Active Voice: Subject + Verb + Direct Object
Mary has written six e-mails.
- Passive Voice: Subject + Verb to be + Past Participle
Six e-mails have been written.
Typical ELL Errors (Can you correct them?)
- Thousands of people went to California in the 1840s because
gold discovered there.
- Where were you when the accident was happened?
- More than one hundred people killed in that plane crash.
- The Japanese language can write from left to right or form top
to bottom.
- If you find a wallet, it should be returning to the owner
immediately.

18. Passive Voice
- BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
1) correct verb tense
2) correct form
be + PAST PARTICIPLE
The residence of the president of
the United States
is called the White
House.
The current White House was built in 1818.
By 1815, the original White
House
had been
destroyed
in a fire.

19. Active Voice X Passive Voice
- Active Voice
1) Common sentence pattern: Subject + Verb + Direct Object.
2) Most important topic: The person or thing doing the
action.
3) The subject is the agent of the action.
4) Examples:
a) The people of France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United
States.
b) Leonardo da Vinci painted the famous Mona Lisa.
c) We will make a decision about our trip soon.
d) The people reelected George Washington for a second term in
1792.

20. Active Voice X Passive Voice
- Passive Voice
1) Common sentence pattern: Subject + Verb to be + Past
Participle.
2) Most important topic: The person or thing receiving the
action.
3) The subject is the receiver of the action.
4) Examples:
a) The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the
people of France .
b) The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
c) A decision about our trip will be made soon.
d) George Washington was reelected for a second term in 1792.

21. Passive Voice – Verb Tenses
Verb
Tenses
Active Passive
Present
Simple
People buy candies at the
supermarket.
Candies are bought at the
supermarket.
Present
Cont.
People are buying candies at
the supermarket.
Candies are being bought at
the supermarket.
Present
Perfect
People have bought candies
at the supermarket.
Candies have been bought at
the supermarket.
Past
Simple
People bought candies at the
supermarket.
Candies were bought at the
supermarket.
Past
Cont.
People were buying candies
at the supermarket.
Candies were being bought at
the supermarket.
Past
Perfect
People had bought candies at
the supermarket.
Candies had been bought at
the supermarket.

22. Passive Voice – Verb Tenses
Verb
Tenses
Active Passive
Future People will buy candies at the
supermarket.
People are going to buy
candies at the supermarket.
Candies will be bought at the
supermarket.
Candies are going to be bought
at the supermarket.
Modal
Verbs
People could buy candies at
the supermarket.
People should buy candies at
the supermarket.
Candies could be bought at the
supermarket.
Candies should be bought at
the supermarket.
Intransitive Verbs are never used in the passive voice,
for they are never followed by a direct object.
Examples: happen/die/arrive/depart
WB – page 186 and 187

23. Passive Voice
- When is the passive voice used?
Generally when the agent of the action is not the most
important thing.
If you need to name the agent of the passive, use the by + agent
phrase.
a) The Statue of Liberty was given to the United States by the
people of France .
b) The famous Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
c) A decision about our trip will be made by us soon.
d) George Washington was reelected for a second term by the
people in 1792.
- We should not name the agent if it is not new information,
not important, redundant or, of course, unknown.

24. Passive Voice with GET
- get + past participle: It indicates change or process
- be + past participle: It indicates a result, a state, a condition.
Examples:
a) We were lost. (It describes our situation at a certain point.)
b) We got lost. (It indicates that we were traveling and suddenly
did not know our location.)
- The passive voice with get is considered informal.

25. Teaching the Passive
Organize yourselves into 6 groups (pairs or trios):
• Situation: You are a substitute teacher and was called in
for an emergency substitution. You only have 10 minutes
to get into class. All you have is the topic and the book
pages.
• What do you do?
 With your partner(s) come up with a quick plan to
explain the passive, using the material you have.
 Present your plan to the class, explaining who
your target audience is

26. Passive Voice used as Adjectives
- In some situations, it is possible to use a passive verb form
as an adjective to describe a condition or state instead of
an action.
Compare:
Adjective Passive
The windows are closed. At the end of the day, all windows
are closed by the security people.
All the checks are gone. --
Don’t come in. I’m not
dressed.
The child prefers to be dressed by
her mother, not her nanny.

27. Past Participles x Present Participles
- Both past participles and present participles can function
as an adjective.
Participial Form Example
Past Participle When I heard the news yesterday. I was
suprised.
Present Participle The news was surprising.
- ELLs have a particularly difficult time figuring out when
to use the past participle and the present participle
forms as adjectives.
- Present Participles: The person or thing causes the action.
- Past Participles: The person or thing suffers the action.

28. Past Participle + Preposition
- past participles in passive voice
They were married by an old minister.
- past participles used as adjectives
I am interested in something.
be accustomed to
be acquainted with
be ashamed of
be bored with / by
be commited to
be composed of
be confused about
be convinced of
be dedicated to
be devoted to
be disappointed with
be divorced from
be done with
be dressed in
be excited about
be exhausted from
be finished with
be fed up with
be impressed by/with
be interested in
be known for
be made of/from
be married to
be opposed to
be related to
be satisfied with
be scared of
be surprised at/by
be terrified of
be tired of/from
be used to
be worried about
WB – page 193 ex. 3.14.19

29. Homework
• Self – Study (review)
a) Pronunciation of –s and –ed
- SB, Key 8 (pages 185 – 191)
- WB (pages 155 – 161
b) Passive Voice
- SB, Key 14 (pages 242 – 251)
- WB (pages 187 – 194)
• Preparation for June 7th F2F Class
a) Modal Verbs
- SB, Key 12 (pages 224 – 231)
- WB (pages 176 – 180)
Moodle Week
a) Fragments, run-on
sentences and comma
splices
b) Prepositions
- SB, Key 6 (pages 161 – 178)
- WB (pages 141 – 150)