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6.4
1.
6.4 Bone Structure •
Bones are organs because they contain different types of tissues • Bone (osseous) tissue predominates, but a bone also has nervous tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, muscle cells, and epithelial cells in its blood vessels • Three levels of structure – Gross – Microscopic – Chemical © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
2.
Gross Anatomy • Compact
and spongy bone – Compact bone: dense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid – Spongy bone: made up of a honeycomb of small, needle-like or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae • Open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
3.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Structure of short, irregular, and flat bones – Consist of thin plates of spongy bone (diploe) covered by compact bone – Compact bone sandwiched between connective tissue membranes • Periosteum covers outside of compact bone, and endosteum covers inside portion of compact bone – Bone marrow is scattered throughout spongy bone; no defined marrow cavity – Hyaline cartilage covers area of bone that is part of a movable joint © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
4.
Figure 6.3 Flat
bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone
5.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Structure of typical long bone – All long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes • Diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone – Consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity that is filled with yellow marrow in adults • Epiphyses: ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally – Articular cartilage covers articular (joint) surfaces • Between diaphysis and epiphysis is epiphyseal line – Remnant of childhood epiphyseal plate where bone growth occurs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
6.
Figure 6.4a The
structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Diaphysis Distal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined by endosteum)
7.
Figure 6.4b The
structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Articular cartilage Compact bone Endosteum Spongy bone
8.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Membranes: two types (periosteum and endosteum) – Periosteum: white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces except joints » Fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of Sharpey’s fibers that secure to bone matrix » Osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that gives rise to most all bone cells » Contains many nerve fibers and blood vessels that continue on to the shaft through nutrient foramen openings » Anchoring points for tendons and ligaments © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
9.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Membranes (cont.) – Endosteum » Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface » Covers trabeculae of spongy bone » Lines canals that pass through compact bone » Like periosteum, contains osteogenic cells that can differentiate into other bone cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
10.
Figure 6.4c The
structure of a long bone (humerus of arm). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Endosteum Yellow bone marrow Compact bone Periosteum Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Nutrient artery
11.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Hematopoietic tissue in bones – Red marrow is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones, such as sternum • In newborns, medullary cavities and all spongy bone contain red marrow • In adults, red marrow is located in heads of femur and humerus, but most active areas of hematopoiesis are flat bone diploë and some irregular bones (such as the hip bone) • Yellow marrow can convert to red, if person becomes anemic © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
12.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Bone markings – Sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on external surfaces – Areas involved in joint formation or conduits for blood vessels and nerves © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
13.
Gross Anatomy (cont.) •
Bone markings (cont.) – Three types of markings: • Projection: outward bulge of bone – May be due to increased stress from muscle pull or is a modification for joints • Depression: bowl- or groove-like cut-out that can serve as passageways for vessels and nerves, or plays a role in joints • Opening: hole or canal in bone that serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
14.
Table 6.1-1 Bone
Markings © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
15.
Table 6.1-2 Bone
Markings (continued) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
16.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone • Cells of bone tissue – Five major cell types, each of which is a specialized form of the same basic cell type 1. Osteogenic cells 2. Osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes 4. Bone-lining cells 5. Osteoclasts © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
17.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) 1. Osteogenic cells – Also called osteoprogenitor cells – Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum – When stimulated, they differentiate into osteoblasts or bone-lining cells – Some remain as osteogenic stem cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
18.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) 2. Osteoblasts – Bone-forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid • Osteoid is made up of collagen and calcium-binding proteins • Collagen makes up 90% of bone protein – Osteoblasts are actively mitotic © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
19.
Figure 6.5ab Comparison
of different types of bone cells. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Stem cell Matrix-synthesizing cell responsible for bone growth
20.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) 3. Osteocytes – Mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide – Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors • Respond to mechanical stimuli such as increased force on bone or weightlessness • Communicate information to osteoblasts and osteoclasts (cells that destroy bone) so bone remodeling can occur © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
21.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) 4. Bone-lining cells – Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix (along with osteocytes) – On external bone surface, lining cells are called periosteal cells – On internal surfaces, they are called endosteal cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
22.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) 5. Osteoclasts – Derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages – Giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone) – When active, cells are located in depressions called resorption bays – Cells have ruffled borders that serve to increase surface area for enzyme degradation of bone • Also helps seal off area from surrounding matrix © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
23.
Figure 6.5cd Comparison
of different types of bone cells. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Bone-resorbing cell OsteoclastOsteocyte Mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix
24.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Compact bone – Also called lamellar bone – Consists of: • Osteon (Haversian system) • Canals and canaliculi • Interstitial and circumferential lamellae © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
25.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Osteon (Haversian system) – An osteon is the structural unit of compact bone – Consists of an elongated cylinder that runs parallel to long axis of bone • Acts as tiny weight-bearing pillars – An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of bone matrix called lamellae • Lamellae contain collagen fibers that run in different directions in adjacent rings • Withstands stress and resist twisting • Bone salts are found between collagen fibers © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
26.
Figure 6.6 A
single osteon. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Artery with capillaries Structures in the central canal Vein Lamellae Collagen fibers run in different directions Twisting force Nerve fiber
27.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Canals and canaliculi – Central (Haversian) canal runs through core of osteon • Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers – Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals: canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal • Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
28.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Canals and canaliculi (cont.) – Lacunae: small cavities that contain osteocytes – Canaliculi: hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal – Osteoblasts that secrete bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes via cell projections with gap junctions – When matrix hardens and cells are trapped the canaliculi form • Allow communication between all osteocytes of osteon and permit nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one cell to another © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
29.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Interstitial and circumferential lamellae – Interstitial lamellae • Lamellae that are not part of osteon • Some fill gaps between forming osteons; others are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling – Circumferential lamellae • Just deep to periosteum, but superficial to endosteum, these layers of lamellae extend around entire surface of diaphysis • Help long bone to resist twisting © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
30.
Compact bone Spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s) canal Central (Haversian)
canal Endosteum lining bony canals and covering trabeculaeOsteon (Haversian system) Circumferential lamellae Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Lamellae Periosteal blood vessel Nerve Lamellae Canaliculi Lacuna (with osteocyte)Interstitial lamella Periosteum Vein Artery Osteocyte in a lacuna Lacunae Central canal Figure 6.7 Microscopic anatomy of compact bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
31.
Microscopic Anatomy of
Bone (cont.) • Spongy bone – Appears poorly organized but is actually organized along lines of stress to help bone resist any stress – Trabeculae, like cables on a suspension bridge, confer strength to bone • No osteons are present, but trabeculae do contain irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi • Capillaries in endosteum supply nutrients © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
32.
Figure 6.3 Flat
bones consist of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between two thin layers of compact bone. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. Spongy bone (diploë) Compact bone Trabeculae of spongy bone
33.
Chemical Composition of
Bone • Bone is made up of both organic and inorganic components – Organic components • Includes osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone-lining cells, osteoclasts, and osteoid – Osteoid, which makes up one-third of organic bone matrix, is secreted by osteoblasts » Consists of ground substance and collagen fibers, which contribute to high tensile strength and flexibility of bone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
34.
Chemical Composition of
Bone (cont.) • Organic components (cont.) – Resilience of bone is due to sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules that stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures – If no additional trauma, bonds re-form • Inorganic components – Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts) • Makeup 65% of bone by mass • Consist mainly of tiny calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers • Responsible for hardness and resistance to compression © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
35.
Chemical Composition of
Bone (cont.) • Inorganic components (cont.) – Bone is half as strong as steel in resisting compression and as strong as steel in resisting tension – Lasts long after death because of mineral composition – Can reveal information about ancient people © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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