2. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this unit, you are expected to:
Describe how psychological disorders are defined, as
well as the inherent difficulties in doing so.
Identify the nature of Psychological disorders.
Explain the causes of psychological disorders.
Identify the different types, characteristic features of
psychological disorders.
Explain different theories to explain the nature of
abnormality.
Discuss the treatment techniques.
3. 7.1 Nature of Psychological
Disorders
Brainstorming question
By the way, what are the criteria used for
determining that person has a psychological
problem
/disorder?
4. Criteria of Psychological
Disorders
We generally have three main criteria: abnormality,
maladaptiveness, and personal distress.
1. Abnormality (Violation of socially accepted
expectations)
Abnormal behavior is a behavior that deviates from the
behavior of the ‘typical’ person; the norm.
When someone behaves in culturally unacceptable
ways and the behaviors he/she exhibit violates the
norm, standards, rules and regulations of the society,
this person is most likely to have a psychological
problem.
It is when the individual’s behavior is deviating from
once own social and cultural beliefs or values, or
traditions
5. Criteria…
2. Maladaptiveness
Maladaptive behavior in one way or another creates a
social, personal and occupational problem on those who
exhibit the behaviors.
These behaviors seriously disrupt the day-to-day
activities of individuals that can increase the problem
more.
It is the reduction of the individual’s normal level of
performance or functioning, i.e., washing hand before
you eat is normal or adaptive functioning, but washing
your hands 100 times a day is impaired or maladaptive
functioning
6. Criteria…
3. Personal Distress
It is the physical or psychological pain observed on the
individual. When people experience considerable emotional
distress without any life experience that warrants it, they may
be diagnosed as having psychological or mental disorder.
Our subjective feelings of anxiety, stress, tension and other
unpleasant emotions determine whether we have a
psychological disorder.
Ex. feelings of anxiety, depression, hopelessness and self-
defeating thoughts
4. Risky (harmful) to self and others: it is when the individual
poses any harmful behavior to oneself and to others.
7. Definition based on criteria
In light of the above discussion let us
define what abnormal psychology is?
Definition-Abnormal psychology is a
branch of psychology that studies
behavior defined as deviant, pathological,
maladaptive, unfulfilling, self-destructive
and self-defeating.
8. 7.2. Causes of Psychological
Disorders (Based on
Perspectives)
7.2.1 The Biological Perspective
anatomical or biochemical problems in the brain and
body.
Imbalance of neurotransmitters or hormones, and
Genetic inheritance of abnormalities,
or viral infections.
Current researchers believe that abnormalities in the
working of chemicals in the brain, called
neurotransmitters, may contribute to many psychological
disorders.
For example, over activity of the neurotransmitter
dopamine, perhaps caused by an overabundance of certain
dopamine receptors in the brain, has been linked to the
bizarre symptoms of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia is serious mental illness in which
someone's thoughts and feelings are not based on what is
9. 7.2.2 Psychological Perspectives
A. Psychoanalytic perspective
early childhood experiences and
unresolved, unconscious sexual or aggressive
conflicts.
Abnormal behavior is caused by the Ego's
inability to manage the conflicts between the
opposing demands of the Id and the Superego.
How people resolve emotional conflicts during
childhood affects their thoughts and behaviors for
the rest of their lives.
Or unresolved emotional conflict from childhood
10. Psychological Perspectives
B. Learning perspective
Most mental and emotional disorders, in contrast to
the psychoanalytic perspective, arise from
inadequate or inappropriate learning.
People acquire abnormal behaviors through the
various kinds of learning or imitation.
classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and
modeling—account for all behavior, whether
normal or dysfunctional
11. Perspective…
C. Cognitive perspective
People’s thoughts and perception about themselves
and environment influence behavior.
Self-defeating thoughts lead to the development of
negative emotions and self-destructive behaviors.
People's way of thinking about events in their life
determines their emotional and behavioral patterns.
Our thinking patterns in one way or another affects our
emotional and behavioral wellbeing in either positive or
negative ways
12. 7.3. Types of Psychological
Disorders
A psychological disorder is a condition
characterized by abnormal thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.
Psychopathology is the study of
psychological disorders, including their
symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and
treatment.
In this connection, there are many types of
psychological disorders. These are:
Mood disorder,
Anxiety disorder and
Personality disorder
13. Anxiety Disorders
Psychological disorders that involve excessive
levels of negative emotions such as
[nervousness, tension, worry, fright and
apprehension]
Symptoms like
Increased muscle tension
Shallow rapid breathing
Increased perspiration
Drying of the mouth
15. a) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Generalized anxiety disorder it is a widespread anxiety
that is impossible to manage by avoiding specific situations.
The person expresses a great many worries but cannot
specifically tell the causes.
Constant and exaggerated worry
Worry for at least 6 months
An intense anxiety that is diffuse
Multiple topics of worry
Not brought on by anything specific
No clear insight to what is causing the anxiety
16. b) Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder is characterized by a series of panic
attacks.
A panic attack is an inappropriate intense feeling of fear
or discomfort.
Can last from seconds to hours
No particular stimulus to bring it on
intense physical symptoms and sudden overpowering
feelings of terror.
People having panic attacks sometimes believe they are
having heart attacks, losing their minds, or on the
verge of death
Symptoms
rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains,
sweating, trembling and faintness.
17. c) Phobic Disorders
A persistent and excessive anxiety, fear of some object,
activity, or situation that consistently leads a person to
avoid it.
No real or significant threat involved
The fear is unreasonable
Two main categories of phobic disorders
Specific Phobias
Animals or insects
Physical environment –heights, elevators
Specific situations – airplanes
Social phobias
Persistent fears of social or performance situations in
which embarrassment could occur
18. • Phobia types Feared objects or
situation
1. Acrophobia.........................................High place
2.Claustrophobia...................................Enclosed
places
3. Ergasiophobia......................................Work
4. Gramophobia.......................................Marriage
5. Haphephobia.......................................Being
touched
6. Hematophobia...............................................
Blood
7. Monophobia............................................. Being
19. d) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
An Obsession is an involuntary, irrational thought that
occurs repeatedly. Sometimes it is mild.
A compulsion is an action that a person uncontrollably
performs again and again although she or he has no
conscious desire to do so. The act is often senseless such
as looking under the bed several times before going to sleep
or locking and unlocking the door several times before going
out.
Example: a person locking and unlocking a door before
leaving home. At other times it can be severe.
20. e) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Distressing symptoms that arise some time after the
experience of a highly traumatic event
Symptoms
Re-experiencing the traumatic event
Flashbacks
Nightmares
Avoidance of any possible reminders of the event
People who were there
Increased arousal or alertness
Irritability
Insomnia
Difficulty concentrating
21. Mood Disorders
prolonged and disturbed emotional state that
affects almost all of a person’s thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.
Psychological disorders involving depression
and or abnormal elation
22. Mood Disorders
Depressive disorder is characterized by overall
feelings of desperation and inactivity.
Elevated moods are characterized by mania
or hypomania.
The cycling between both depressed and
manic moods is characteristic of bipolar
mood disorders.
23. An affective disorder characterized by episodes of deep
unhappiness, loss of interest in life and other symptoms-
Without experiencing mania.
Types
major depressive disorders,
dysthymia (pronounced dis-THI-mee-uh).
Bipolar Disorder (previously known as Manic-Depression)
Cyclothymia
Depressive disorder
24. Types of depression
Major Depression (also known as depression or clinical
depression) is characterized by depressed mood,
diminished interest in activities previously enjoyed, weight
disturbance, sleep disturbance, loss of energy, difficulty
concentrating, and often includes feelings of hopelessness
and thoughts of suicide.
25. Dysthymic disorders
Dysthymia is often considered a lesser, but
more persistent form of depression.
Many of the symptoms are similar except to a
lesser degree. Also, dysthymia, as opposed to
Major Depression is steadier rather than periods
of normal feelings and extreme lows.
26. Dysthymic disorders
Bipolar Disorder (previously known as Manic-
Depression) is characterized by periods of extreme
highs (called mania) and extreme lows as in Major
Depression.
Bipolar Disorder is subtyped either I (extreme or
hypermanic episodes) or II (moderate or hypomanic
episodes).
Cyclothymia: Like Dysthymia and Major
Depression, Cyclothymia is considered a lesser
form of Bipolar Disorder.
27. Personality Disorders
A personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in
which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of
thinking, functioning and behaving.
A person with a personality disorder has trouble
perceiving and relating to situations and people
There are around nine types of personality disorders,
all of which result in significant distress and/or
negative consequences within the individual
29. Types of personality disorders
Paranoid (includes a pattern of distrust and
suspiciousness).
Schizoid (pattern of detachment from social
norms and a restriction of emotions).
Schizotypal (pattern of discomfort in close
relationships and eccentric thoughts and
behaviors).
Antisocial (pattern of disregard for the rights
of others, including violation of these rights
and the failure to feel empathy).
30. Types of personality disorders
Borderline (pattern of instability in personal
relationships, including frequent bouts of
clinginess and affection and anger and
resentment, often cycling between these two
extremes rapidly).
Histrionic (pattern of excessive emotional
behavior and attention seeking)
31. Types of personality disorders
Narcissistic (pattern of grandiosity,
exaggerated self-worth, and need for
admiration).
Avoidant (pattern of feelings of social
inadequacies, low self-esteem, and
hypersensitivity to criticism).
Obsessive-Compulsive (pattern of obsessive
32. Treatment Techniques
Treatment of mental illnesses can take various
forms. They can include medication, talk-
therapy, a combination of both, and can last
only one session or take many years to
complete.
33. Treatment Techniques
Psychotherapy consists of the following:
A positive, healthy relationship between a client or
patient and a trained psychotherapist
Recognizable mental health issues, whether
diagnosable or not
Agreement on the basic goals of treatment
Working together as a team to achieve these goals
34. Treatment Techniques
When providing psychotherapy, there are several
issues to be considered.
First and foremost is empathy. It is a requirement for
a successful practitioner to be able to understand his
or her client's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.
Second, being non-judgmental is vital if the
relationship and treatment are going to work.
Everybody makes mistakes, everybody does stuff
they aren't proud of.
