The document discusses the process of socialization from birth to death. It defines socialization as learning social norms and behaviors by imitating others. Socialization occurs through primary and secondary stages. Primary socialization begins at birth and includes oral, anal, and Oedipal stages in early childhood. Secondary socialization includes anticipatory socialization where individuals mimic future roles, re-socialization to new norms, and reverse socialization where youth teach elders. Freud's theory of the id, ego and super-ego explains how socialization develops. Key agencies of socialization are family, school, peers, and mass media.
2. Process of Socialization
“Begins At Birth, Ends with Death”
The Human Infant
comes into the world as
biological organism. He
is gradually moulded
into a social being by
the groups in society.
He learns social ways of
acting and feeling by
imitating others. The
process of moulding
into a person is known
as “Socialization.”
3. Definition of Socialization
Bogardus:- Socialization is the process of working
together, of developing group responsibility.
Ogburn:- socialization is the process by which the
individual learns to conform to the norms of the
group.
Colley:- Socialization is a social process through
which an individual develops his own self by
learning the norms and by knowing about his own
self from others.
5. PRIMARY STAGE
1. THE ORAL STAGE (0-1 year)
2. THE ANAL STAGE(1-4
years)
At the oral stage , the
infant builds up definite
expectations about feeding
time and learns to signal
for care.
Is concerned with toilet traning
of the child.
6. OEDIPAL STAGE(4-Puberty Age)
This stage begins
roughly at the fourth
year and goes up to
puberty. This is the
period when child
becomes a member of
the family as a whole.
7. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION
ANICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
(Search For Self)
In anticipatory socialization the individual
mimic or copy the behavior of his
anticipated future role. For example- if
one has anticipated his/her future role as
a doctor he/she will start picking up
doctor’s mannerism.
8. RE-SOCIALIZATION
Re-socialization is a kind of learning
which involves the learning of new ways
of thinking, feeling and behaving that
are completely different from one’s
previous way of life. For example- re-
socialization occurs when joins army or
is put in a prison.
9. REVERSE-SOCIALIZATION
In reverse-socialization the younger generation
transfers knowledge to the older generation.
This occurs mostly in industrial societies
where the pace of technological change is
very rapid. Ex-A child teaching a
grandparent to use a computer.
10. Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
Explained the process of socialization through
three stages-
ID-is a real pleasure seeker and it wants immediate
gratification. It works on pleasure principle.
EGO-it keeps desire realistic and under control.
The function of Ego based on reality principle.
SUPER-EGO- it represents society’s norms and
values. It leads to the perfection of human action
and controls both ID and EGO. It will give strong
sense of right and wrong.
14. Family-has first access to the youngsters
before formal schooling. Therefore they have
a strong early influence on norms, morals and
roles.
School- primarily socializes in the following
ways-
a). Emphasis the importance of being on time.
b). Teaches how to be docile.
c). Authority should be respected
d). Learn to follow directions.
15. Peer Groups- Being to have a powerful
influence of socialization around the time of
adolescence, when family influence weakens
to establish a separate identity.
Mass-Media- consisting of print, radio,
internet and television. A powerful tool to
socialization, often (deliberately or not)
indoctrinating people into such ideologies as
sexism, ageism, and racism.
