2. What is Landscape ?
All the visible features of an area of land, often considered in terms of
their aesthetic appeal.
The ‘Land Characteristics’ of a particular region.
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3. Elements of Landscape
Vegetation
Topography
Pavements
Furniture
Non-furniture hardscapes
Water bodies
Fences and Edges
Lighting
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DESIGN
Landscape
Architecture
4. Landscape Architecture
Landscape Architecture is the design process of turning an
outdoor space into a functional, practical and aesthetic space that
complements the building design as a whole.
It is a design profession which combines art, science and
technology to propose meaningful and thoughtful change to the
built environment.
It is the art and practice of designing the outdoor
environment.
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6. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Colour
4
Colour brings a garden to life by adding dimension
and interest. It can be added with plant material or
hardscapes, such as paving, walls or fences.
Functional importance of colour:
To draw attention to an important feature (fountain, tree, sculpture, etc.) –
can be done using bold, warm contrast colours.
To blend the outdoors with the colors of the home – can be done using
cool, similar or nude colours.
To attract wildlife – can be done using bold colours.
To provide seasonal variety.
To create a mood.
7. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Lines and Curves
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Lines refer to the structures within a landscape—the edges
of a walkway or flower bed, or the perimeter of a patio or
deck. The way line is employed will greatly impact the flow
of a garden.
Functional importance of lines and curves:
To divide or connect a space in the form of pathways, hedges, flower beds
etc.
To direct the attention of the viewer to a focal point.
Vertical lines are mostly used to pull the eye up and make a space feel
larger. Tall trees or an arbor can be used to add vertical lines to a space.
Horizontal lines make a space feel bigger by pulling the eye along the
ground.
8. Principles of Landscape Architecture6
Minimalist gardens use mostly
straight lines.
Very formal in character.
Lines such as those found in a straight
hedge or the edges of paving
materials suggest quick, direct
movement.
Angled lines can create opportunities
for creating the "bones or the
framework of the landscape".
Lines Curves
Romantic themed landscapes use
sweeping curved lines to separate
areas from each other.
Informal in their character mostly.
In curvilinear design, lines are
dramatic, and very expressive in their
shape.
Curvilinear, meandering lines suggest
a naturalistic look that invites the user
to casually stroll through and
experience the landscape.
9. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Texture
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Plant texture refers to the fineness or coarseness, roughness or smoothness,
heaviness or lightness of a particular plant. However, texture can also be
created using hardscape materials. It is both visual and tactile.
.
Functional importance of texture:
To bring variety to a space.
10. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Form
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The form of a landscape refers to the shape of the elements
contained within it.
Forms in a landscape can be:
Informal gardens have softer
silhouettes and are free
flowing.
Formal gardens can be recognized
by their clipped hedges and
pruned plants that give each part
of the garden a definite silhouette.
UPRIGHT
OVAL
COLUMNAR
SPREADING
UPRIGHT
BROAD SPREADING
WEEPING
11. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Scale
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In outdoor design, scale refers to the size relationship between
elements within the garden and the surrounding spaces.
When planning a landscape along with the colours and form of plants, it
is also important to keep in mind their scale.
Scale is important in making sure that the landscape design complements
the architecture of the structure and doesn’t overshadow it.
12. Principles of Landscape Architecture
Balance
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Balance in landscape can be either symmetrical or
asymmetrical.
Formal gardens follow a symmetrically balanced scheme
while informal residential gardens usually follow an
asymmetrical scheme.
In formal balance, the mass/ weight/number of objects on
either side of the central axis should be exactly the same.
Plants are frequently clipped, lines tend to be straight,
and edges are clearly defined.
For asymmetrical balance, plants should be irregularly
placed on either side of an imaginary axis so that the
mass or weight on either side of the axis appears to be
balanced
16. Scope of Landscape Architecture13
Landscape Architecture shares permeable boundaries with other
disciplines like engineering, art, urban planning and urban design.
Its Scope –
High Profile master planning
Visual Impact Assessment
Art-inflected urban design
Community engagement
Improvement and replanting of vegetation
17. Functional Goals in Landscape Architecture14
To understand and analyze the site in detail for its best use in terms of plant
selection and activity location.
N
18. Functional Goals in Landscape Architecture15
To understand and analyze the site in detail for its best use in terms of plant
selection and activity location.
N
20. Functional Goals in Landscape Architecture17
To clarify the current and future use of the space and design according to it.
21. Functional Goals in Landscape Architecture18
To calculate the budget as well as the maintenance cost of the
design.
To consider the function of plants. From a design perspective, plant
materials have three major functions in the landscape: aesthetic, structural
and utilitarian.
- Aesthetically, plants create a visually pleasant environment
- Structurally plants organize and define spaces.
- Plants are utilitarian because they can transform the environment for the
comfort of the user by modifying light, temperature and humidity.
- Plants can also be used to control noise and odor.
- Plants are very often used as visual barriers.
22. 19
TO ORGANISE AND DEFINE
SPACES
TO ORGANISE AND DEFINE SPACES
TO CREATE A VISUALLY PLEASANT ENVIRONMENT
23. 20
TO ACT AS VISUAL BARRIERS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF VISUAL BARRIERS CREATED USING PLANTS
TO TRANSFORM THE ENVIRONMENT BY MODIFYING
NATURAL FACTORS
24. 21
TO ACT AS SOUND BARRIERS
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOUND BARRIERS CREATED USING PLANTS
TO ACT AS SOUND BARRIERS
25. Aesthetic Goals in Landscape Architecture22
To propagate and popularize a space for tourism and branding.
To attract investors and visitors.
To have high natural value.
To consider the function of plants. From a design perspective, plants
have strong aesthetic purposes.
- A visually pleasant environment
- Beautification
- Interesting shadow pattern
- As a background/ foreground for other elements
27. Environmental Goals in Landscape Architecture24
To prevent improve air quality.
To prevent pollutants by absorbing them from rain water.
To provide shade and shelter.
To provide habitat to other organisms.
To reduce ground water run-off and provide a natural storm water
management.
To improve the urban environment by reducing carbon footprint.
To consider the function of plants. From a design perspective, plants have
strong environmental purposes.
- Roots absorb pollutants.
- Properly planted vegetation stabilizes soil and prevents erosion.
- Plants help controlling extreme climatic conditions.
28. Cultural Goals in Landscape Architecture25
Time Period/ Era Historical Event Notable development Goal
Neolithic Era
10000-2000 BC
Different civilizations of the world
started harvesting crops
simultaneously and started using
cattle for improvisation.
Advent of Agriculture Survival
Chalcolithic Era
4500-3500 BC
Indus Valley Civilization- well
designed cities with drainage and
sanitation.
Advent of Sanitation.
Concepts of Step-wells or
Ghats
Survival
Mauryan Era
690-320 BC
Construction of iron and stone
sculpture to describe the power of
the empire.
Cave Architecture.
Introduction of Sculpture
and Rock-cut
to Landscaping
Glorification
900-1200 AD No distinctive landscape; Massive
and intricately carved structures
Era when Architecture
its own Landscape
One-
dimensional
Glorification
29. Cultural Goals in Landscape Architecture26
Time Period/ Era Historical Event Notable development Goal
1206-1526 AD Invasion and formation of the
Delhi Sultanate
First Infrastructure
development in India;
E.g. – Grand Trunk Road
(Calcutta to Lahore).
Introduction to canal
irrigation which further
helped in development of
mughal gardens
Societal
Acceptance
and Better
Connectivity
1526-1857 AD Mughals ruled in North India and
brought in the concepts of formal
Charbagh. Thus were created
world famous landscape designs
like Taj Mahal, gardens of Kashmir,
Red Fort, Fatehpur Sikhri, etc.
Advent of properly
Landscape Architecture in
India.
Reflection of
the ruling
power on the
society,
politics,
history,
geography,
culture and
nature.
30. Cultural Goals in Landscape Architecture27
Time Period/ Era Historical Event Notable development Goal
Vijayanagar Empire
1300s AD
Construction of group of
monuments at Hampi in South
India.
Landscaping using
landforms, geology and
hydrology (like river
forests) to create well
designed open space
systems.
Advent of Water
Management
Technologies.
Environment
Beautification
without huge
expenditure.
British Empire
1857-1947 AD
Architecture like Rashtrapati
Bhawan and Victoriqa Memorial
came up.
Industrialization
Advent of a landscape
design which was a
combination of
indigenous existing
and British style.
Huge Infrastructure
Development
Social
Acceptance;
Glorification
31. Cultural Goals in Landscape Architecture28
Time Period/ Era Historical Event Notable development Goal
British Empire
1857-1947 AD
Architecture like Rashtrapati
Bhawan and Victoriqa Memorial
came up.
Industrialization
Formation of many
Botanical Gardens
Streetscape
Development
Construction of high
society luxuries like
tennis courts, clubs,
public parks.
Social
Acceptance;
Glorification
