7. b. Ketosa : monosakarida yyaanngg mmeennggaanndduunngg
gguugguuss kkeettoonn
CCoonnttoohh :: DDiihhiiddrrookkssiiaasseettoonn
H
C
H OH
C
C
O
H OH
H
Proyeksi Fisher
Penamaan D, L monosakarida
8. PPeennaammaaaann MMoonnoossaakkaarriiddaa DD,, LL
MMoonnoossaakkaarriiddaa ddiibbeerrii nnaammaa DD jjiikkaa gguugguuss
--OOHH ppaaddaa aattoomm CC** yyaanngg lleettaakknnyyaa ppaalliinngg
jjaauuhh ddaarrii gguugguuss
O
C
atau C O
tteerrlleettaakk ddiisseebbeellaahh kkaannaann..
H
MMoonnoossaakkaarriiddaa ddiibbeerrii nnaammaa LL jjiikkaa gguugguuss
OOHH ppaaddaa aattoomm CC** tteerrsseebbuutt bbeerraaddaa
ddiisseebbeellaahh kkiirrii..
9. CCoonnttoohh
CHO
*
*
*
H C
OH
H OH
H OH
C
C
CH2OH
D-(-)-ribosa
(D-aldosa)
CHO
HO C
H
HO C
H
CH2OH
L-eritrosa
(L-aldosa)
10. Turunan D-aldosa
H
CHO
OH
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
D-(+)-gliseraldehida
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
H
C
OH
H OH
CH2OH
HO
C
H
H OH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HO H
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
HO H
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
O
H
H
CHO
OH
H OH
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
H OH
HO
H OH
CH2OH
H
CHO
OH
HO H
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
HO
CHO
H
HO H
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
H
C
OH
CH2OH
O
H
O
OH
D-(-)-eritrosa D-(-)-tetrosa
D-(-)-ribosa D-(-)-arabinosa D-(+)-xilosa D-(-)-liksosa
D-(+)-alosa D-(+)-altrosa D-(+)-glukosa D-+)-manosa D-(-)-gulosa D-(-)-idosa D-(+)-galaktosa D-(-)-talosa
11. CH2OH
O
H OH
CH2OH
Turunan D-ketosa
Atom C kiral pada
ketopentosa (proyeksi
Fisher): C no 3 dan 4
CH2OH
O
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
HO H
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
HO H
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
Dihidroksiaseton
Jumlah stereo isomer
pada ketopentosa
(proyeksi Fisher) . . .
D-eritulosa
CH2OH
O
H OH
H OH
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H OH
H OH
HO H
H OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
H OH
CH2OH
D-ribulosa D-xilulosa
D-psikosa D-sorbosa D-fruktosa D-tagatosa
12. HHeekkssoossaa yyaanngg ppaalliinngg bbaannyyaakk ddii aallaamm
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
D - glukosa D-galaktosa D - fruktosa
D - aldoheksosa D - ketoheksosa
13. H
EEnnaannssiioommeerr aanndd eeppiimmeerr
C O
H C OH
H OH
C
CH2OH
H
C O
OH C H
OH H
C
CH2OH
these two aldotetroses are enantiomers.
They are stereoisomers that are mirror
images of each other
H
C O
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
H OH
C
CH2OH
H
C O
HO C H
HO C H
HO C H
H OH
C
CH2OH
these two aldohexoses are C-4 epimers.
they differ only in the position of the
hydroxyl group on one asymmetric carbon
(carbon 4)
Dua buah aldotetrosa ini
enansiomer, suatu
stereoisomer yang
merupakan bayangan cermin
satu sama lain.
Kedua aldoheksosa ini adalah
epimer C-4, perbedaan hanya
pada posisi OH pada sebuah
atom C asimetri yaitu Carbon 4
16. Struktur SSiikklliiss MMoonnoossaakkaarriiddaa
AAllddeehhiidd // kkeettoonn ddaappaatt bbeerreeaakkssii ddeennggaann
aallccoohhooll mmeemmbbeennttuukk hheemmiiaasseettaall // hheemmiikkeettaall..
R C
O
H
OH
H3C O H C
R OCH3
H
Hemiasetal
O
R C R'
OH
H3C O H C
R OCH3
R'
Hemiketal
Aldehid
Keton
+
+
+
-
..
18. H O
C
H C OH
HO CH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
H OH
H C OH
HO C
H C OH
* *
C
HO H
H C OH
HO H
C
C OH
C
CH2OH CH2OH
a - glukosa
[a]= + 112o
b - glukosa
[a]= + 19o
karbon anomerik
O
O
Contoh :
Pembentukan
hemiasetal
pada glukosa
C C
24. Proyeksi Fisher && SSttrruukkttuurr HHaawwoorrhh
H C OH
C O
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
C
CH2OH
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
C
CH2OH
H
H OH
C H
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
C
CH2OH
HO
O
O
a - D - glukosa proyeksi Fisher b - D - glukosa
O
CH2OH
OH OH (a)
OH
OH
*
O
Struktur Haworth *
OH
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
OH
(b)
↔
25. Struktur Haworth ddaann KKoonnffoorrmmaassii KKuurrssii
O
CH2OH
OH OH (a)
OH
OH
*
O
Struktur Haworth *
OH
OH
H
OH
CH2OH
OH
HO
O
HO
Konformasi kursi
OH (a)
OH
HOH2C
*
HO
O
HO
H
OH
HOH2C
* OH
( a )
( e )
(b)
b
30. Semua monosakarida
adalah Gula Pereduksi
CHO
HC
OH
HO C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
+ Cu2+
O
C
OH
C OH
HO C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
+ Cu2O
merah bata
• Benedict
• Fehling
D - glukosa asam D - glukonat
32. Reaksi dg HNO3
CHO
C
OH
HO C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
COOH
C
OH
HO C
C OH
C OH
COOH
HNO3
D - glukosa asam D - glukarik
CHO
C
OH
HO + Ag+
C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
COOH
C
OH
HO + Ag
C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
Cermin perak
D
Reaksi dg Tohlens
33.
34. 22.. RReeaakkssii rreedduukkssii
GGuugguuss kkaarrbboonniill ddaarrii mmoonnoossaakkaarriiddaa ddaappaatt
ddiirreedduukkssii mmeennjjaaddii aallkkoohhooll oolleehh bbeebbeerraappaa
ppeerreeaakkssii mmeenngghhaassiillkkaann aallddiittooll
CHO
C
OH
HO katalis
C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
D - glukosa
logam
CH2
C
OH
OH
C
C OH
C OH
CH2OH
HO
D -glukitol (sorbitol)
+ H2
41. MMAALLTTOOSSAA
O
OH
H
1' *
O
OH
CH2OH
OH
*
CH2OH
H O OH
H
OH
OH
4
a
b
Ikatan a-1',4 glikosidik
HO
O
HO
O
OH
HOH2C
O
Karbon glikosidik
HO
H
OH
HOH2C
OH
1'
4
(b)
4-O-(a-D-glukopiranosil)-b-D-glukopiranosa
(Maltosa)
43. SSEELLOOBBIIOOSSAA
O
OH
o
OH
CH2OH
OH
*
CH2OH
H O OH
H
OH
OH
*
1'
4
b
b
Ikatan b-1',4 glikosidik
HO
O
HO
H
H
OH
HOH2C
O
CH2OH
O
1' 4
(b)
4-O-(b-D-glukopiranosil)-b-D-glukopiranosa
(Selubiosa)
OH
H
HO
H
H
OH
45. CH2OH
OH O o
OH
OH
*
CH2OH
H O H
OH
OH
OH
*
1'
4
b
a
Ikatan b-1',4 glikosidik
H
4-O-(b-D-galaktopiranosil)-a-D-glukopiranosa
(Laktosa)
H
O
HO
OH
HOH2C
O O
HO
OH
OH
HOH2C
H
1'
4
(a)
OH
H
Struktur Laktosa
47. CH2OH
OH O
OH
OH
* 1'
konfigurasi b
a-D-glukopiranosil-b-D-fruktofuranosida
(Sukrosa)
H
H
O
HO
OH
HOH2C
O CH2OH
CH2OH H
1'
2
HO
O
OH
CH2OH
OH
O
CH2OH
O
a
(b)
H
OH
OH
H
2
Struktur Sukrosa