2. Penicillins
Low toxicity
Effective derivatives created from manipulating drug’s
basic molecular structure
Kills bacteria by preventing them from forming the
rigid cell wall
Because human cells do not have cell walls, they are
not affected
3. Therapeutic Uses of Penicillins
Abscesses
Beta-hemolytic streptococcus
Meningitis
Otitis media
Pneumonia
Respiratory infections
Tooth and gum infections
Venereal diseases (syphilis and gonorrhea)
Endocarditis due to streptococci
4. Penicillins’ Side Effects
Diarrhea
Allergies in 7% to 10% of population
Penicillins’ Dispensing Issues
Take on an empty stomach
Food slows absorption
Acids in fruit juices or colas could deactivate the drug
9. b-Lactam Antibiotics
Penicillin
Penicilinase-resistant
penicillins
Penicillins + b-
lactamase inhibitors
Carbapenems
Substitute a C for a S,
add a double bond
Monobactam
Single ring
10. Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Cephalosporins
First-generation: Narrow spectrum, gram-
positive
Second-generation: Extended spectrum includes
gram-negative
Third-generation: Includes pseudomonads;
injected
Fourth-generation: Oral
11. First-generation
Similar to penicillinase-resistant penicillins with greater gram-negative
coverage
Used for
community-acquired infections
mild to moderate infections
Second-generation
Increased activity, especially against Haemophilus influenzae
Used for
Otitis media in children
Respiratory infections
UTIs
Third-generation
Active against a wide spectrum of gram-negative organisms
Long half-life, so once-a-day dosing for some
Used for
Ambulatory patients
Children (dosing before or after school)
12. Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
Polypeptide antibiotics
Bacitracin
Topical application
Against gram-positives
Vancomycin
Glycopeptide
Important "last line" against antibiotic-resistant
S. aureus
22. Quinolones
Strong, rapid bactericidal action against most gram-
negative and many gram-positive bacteria
Antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and
replicating DNA, causing DNA breakage and cell
death
Quinolones’ Dispensing Issues
Not to be given with theophylline
Antacids interfere with absorption
Avoid exposure to sun
23. Therapeutic Uses of Quinolones
Bone and joint infections caused by gram-negative
organisms
Infectious diarrhea
Ophthalmic infections
Some sexually transmitted diseases
Upper respiratory infections
UTIs
24. Quinolones’ Side Effects
Primarily gastrointestinal, with nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
Unpleasant taste
Can cause joint problems such as swelling and
malformations
Patients taking them have a tendency to injure
tendons
25. Rifamycin
any of a family of antibiotics biosynthesized by a strain
of Streptomyces mediterranei, effective against a broad
spectrum of bacteria, including gram-positive cocci,
some gram-negative bacilli, and Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and certain other mycobacteria; used for
the treatment of tuberculosis and the prophylaxis of
meningococcal infections.
27. prophylaxis refers to medical or public health
measures taken in order to prevent disease or health
problems, rather than to treat or cure an existing
condition. Prophylaxis is also a way to stem an
outbreak of disease, or minimize the symptoms of
someone who has been exposed to a disease or virus.