Types of negation

1. Lecture No. 11

2. 
 To negate a sentence with an auxiliary verb ( an operator ) , we
add not after that aux.
Ex: He is coming . He is not coming.
 To negate a sentence without an auxiliary verb , we add ( do ,
did , does ) + not after the subject
Ex: John eats an apple. John does not eat an apple.
Ex: John ate an apple. John did not eat an apple.
Ex: They eat apples. They do not eat apples.
7.33 Negation

3. 
 To negate a sentence with verb to be as its main verb
, we add not after the verb
Ex: She is clever. She is not clever.

4. 
 There are a number of forms do not occur naturally outside
negative , interrogative , and conditional clauses as ( any , yet ,
at all ) :
We have seen some soldiers. Assertive form
We have not seen any soldiers . Non assertive form
Note : You should read p. 185 to know all the non – assertive
forms.
7.35 Non-assertive forms

5. 
 ( by any means , a bite ) can be used instead of ( at all ) as non-
assertive expressions of extent .
Ex : He helped to some extent. He didn’t help by any means.
 ( at all , whatever ) are used to emphasize the negative
determiners and pronouns .
 Ex: You have no excuse whatever.
 ( Never ) can be repeated for emphasis .
 Ex: I’ll never , never go there again.
7.36 Negative intensification

6. 
There are a number of words which are negative in meaning but
not in appearance . They are :
1- Seldom and rarely
2- Scarcely , hardly , barely
3- Little , few , only
They have the following characteristics :
1- They are followed by non-assertive forms only
Ex: I seldom get any sheep.

7. 
2- They can cause inversion for the subject and the operator
Ex: Rarely does crime pay so well as Mr. John seems to think.
operator S
3- They are followed by positive tag- question
Ex: She scarcely seems to care , does she ?
Note : There are a number of verbs , adjectives , and prepositions
can be followed by non-assertive forms
Ex: Without any delay.
Ex: I forget to ask for any change.