1.
AVIAN VIRAL AND BACTERIAL
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Presented By
Dr. Ahmed Ragab El-Bestawy
BVs, MVs & Ph.D.
Lecturer of Poultry Diseases
Fac. Vet. Med., Damnhour
Univ.

2.
Diseases causing Resp signs:
o Viral:
AI, ND, IB,ILT, TRT, Adeno, Reo, Pox wet form and
MD ( non specific)
o Bacterial:
IC, MG, Ecoli, FC, ORT and Chlamydia.
o Fungal: Asperigellosis.
o Parasitic: Syngamus trachea, Cryptosporidium
o Nutritional: Vit A ↓.
o Miscellaneous: Chilling and Ammonia

3.
‫إصاتح‬E.coli ‫ثاَىَح‬ ‫كإصاتح‬

4.
Influenza Virus
 Family Orthomyxoviridae
 Three main types
 Type A
 Multiple species
 Type B
 Humans
 Type C
 Humans and swine

5.
Influenza A
 Multiple species
 Humans
 Avian Influenza
 Most virulent group
 Classification by surface antigens
into subtypes
 Hemagglutinin (H or HA)
 Neuraminidase (N or NA)

6.
Surface Antigens
and Subtypes
 18 HA and 11 NA for influenza A
 Hemagglutinin (HA)
 Function: Sites for attachment to infect host cells
 Neuraminidase (NA)
 Function: Remove neuraminic acid from mucin and
release from cell

7.
Influenza A

8.
Avian Influenza
 Pathogenicity based on genetic features and/or
severity of disease
in poultry
 Low pathogenic AI (LPAI)
 H1 to H18 subtypes
 Highly pathogenic AI (HPAI)
 Some H5 or H7 subtypes
 LPAI H5 or H7 subtypes can mutate
into HPAI

9.
H9N2 infection

10.
H9 subtype viruses generally exist as low pathogenicity influenza
viruses causing mild to moderate disease. However, they have been
associated with severe morbidity and mortality in poultry as a result
of co-infection with other pathogens.
The first H9N2 influenza virus was isolated from turkeys in Wisconsin
in 1966.
H9N2 subtype influenza viruses were isolated from pigs in Hong Kong
in 1998 and subsequently from two sick children in 1999; six
additional human infections were reported from China

11.
Recent studies have shown that H9N2 viruses may have contributed to
the genetic and geographic diversity of H5N1 viruses.
During the last two decades, antigenic and genetic analysis of H9N2
isolates showed their gradual and complex evolution revealing
extensive re-assortments to generate multiple novel genotypes (7)
with gene segments from different lineages.

12.
Transmission pathways:
 Low biosecurity is a high risk.
 Market systems
 Mainly Air born

13.
Pathogenicity:
Severe morbidity and mortality in poultry results
from:
1. co-infection with other pathogens.
2. Live Vaccines (ND &/or IBV)
3. Management factor.

14.
Organ affinity:
 Respiratory
 Renal
 Reproductive
 Nervous

15.
Clinical signs and PM lesions
 Broilers:
Swelling of head.
Respiratory sound.
Decreased feed in take.
Intestinal ballooning.
Pancreatitis
Nephritis

16.
 Layers and Breeders:
Depression and slight to moderate decrease
of egg production.
Intestinal twisting and egg peritonitis
Pancreatitis (Thickening of pancrease)
Nephritis

17.
H5N1 infection

18.
H5N1

19.
•‫انتش‬ ‫انصفح‬‫شَحُح‬:
‫انطُىس‬ ‫اَفهىَضا‬ ‫يشض‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫انتششَحُح‬ ‫انصفاخ‬ ‫أهى‬ ٍ‫ي‬(‫عاو‬ ‫تشكم‬)ٍ‫ه‬:
.1‫وخىد‬ٌ‫احتما‬ٍ‫ف‬ ‫كًا‬ ‫انمصثاخ‬ ٍ‫ف‬‫انُُىكاسم‬،
.2ً‫عه‬ ‫أَضفح‬‫انًعذج‬‫انغذَح‬‫األيعاء‬ ،
.3‫سئىي‬ ‫انتهاب‬
.4‫تانثُكشَاط‬ ‫انتهاب‬
.5‫تانًثُط‬ ٌ‫احتما‬
.6‫وانمهة‬ ٍ‫انثط‬ ٌ‫دهى‬ ً‫عه‬ ‫أَضفح‬
.7‫انذ‬ ٍ‫ف‬‫خاج‬، ‫داكُح‬ ‫تُكضَح‬ ٍ‫أياك‬ ‫وخىد‬ ‫يع‬ ‫انثُط‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫َضف‬ ‫َالحظ‬ ‫انثُاض‬
.8‫انًثُط‬ ‫اَفداس‬ ‫َتُدح‬ ‫تانسىائم‬ ‫يًهىء‬ ٌ‫َكى‬ ٍَ‫انثشَتى‬ ‫انتدىَف‬ ‫كزنك‬.
.9‫اندفاف‬ ‫عالياخ‬ ‫سىي‬ ‫َالحظ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫لذ‬ ‫انالحى‬ ‫انذخاج‬ ٍ‫ف‬‫أخشي‬ ‫تششَحُح‬ ‫صفح‬ ٌ‫أ‬ ٌ‫تذو‬ ‫انًصاتح‬ ‫اإلفشاخ‬ ً‫عه‬.

20.
H9N2 vaccines
 Inactivated vaccines
 Must be Autogenous
 Country/regional variation
 Vaccine use will:
Prevent clinical signs
Reduce virus shedding

21.
Dose of the vaccine 0.5 ml .
Administration S/C lower back of the neck .
Age of vaccination:
Broiler one Dose at 7-10 day old .
Breeder & layer 1st Dose 10 D.O
2 nd Dose 40 D.O
3 rd Dose 16-18wk .

22.
Currently available H5 vaccine
A. Inactivated homologous vaccine :
B. Inactivated heterologous vaccines:
The vaccine have the same H type as the field but
heterologous neuraminidase.
Clinical protection and reduction in viral shedding are ensured
by the immune reaction caused by H and N used as marker of
field infection.

23.
Dose of the vaccine 0.5 ml .
Administration S/C lower back of the neck .
Age of vaccination:
Broiler one Dose at 7-10 day old .
Breeder & layer 1st Dose 10 D.O
2 nd Dose 40 D.O
3 rd Dose 16-18wk .

24.
Marek‘s with H5
Fowl Pox with H5
Other vectors as ILT or lasota with H5

25.
Avian Mycoplasmosis

26.
 Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell wall and
belong to the class Mollicutes.
‫ّهزكجبد‬ ‫الجٌظليي‬ ‫هثل‬ ‫األدّيخ‬ ‫لجؼط‬ ‫هقبّهخ‬ ‫الويكْثالسهب‬ ‫إى‬
‫الظلفب‬.

27.
Species usual host
A.Laidlawii Various
M.Anatis Duck
M.Anseris Goose
M.Butenois Buteo Hawk
M.Cloacale Turkey,goose
M.Columbinasale Pigeon
M.Columbinum Pigeon
M.Columborale Pigeon
M.Corogypsi Black Vulture
M.Falconis Saker Falcon
M.Gallinarum Chicken
M.Gallinaceum Chicken
M.Gallisepticum Chicken,turkey,house
finish.
M.Gallopavonis Turkey
M.Glycophilum Chicken
M.Gypis Griffon Vulture
M.Imitis Duck,goose,partridge
M.Iners Chicken
M.Iowae Turkey

28.
 Species usual host
 M.Glycophilum Chicken
 M.Gypis Griffon Vulture
 M.Imitis Duck,goose,partridge
 M.Iners Chicken
 M.Lipofaciens Chicken
 M.Meleagridis Turkey
 M.Pullorum Chicken
 M.Sturni European starling
 M.Synoviae Chicken,turkey
 M.Gallorale Chicken

29.
Major mycoplasma species in poultry
1.M. gallisepticum:
Chronic respiratory disease(CRD in chickens
and infectious sinusitis in turkeys)
embryo mortality, lameness, eye lesions.
2. M. Synoviae:
Infectious tenosynovitis in chickens
Respiratory disease(Turkeys), embryo mortality.
3. M. Meleagridis:
Respiratroy disease, leg weakness, embryo
mortality in turkeys.
4. M. iowae: embryo mortality, leg abnormalities in turkeys.

30.
MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM INFECTION
 Commonly known as chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of
chickens and infection sinusitis in turkeys.
 Characterized by respiratory rales, coughing, nasal
discharge, ,conjunctivitis ,growth retardation and drop in
egg production in layers.

31.
ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
1. Increased condemnations (air saculitis) (5-10%)
2. Increased downgrading of carcasses (10-25%)
3. Reduced feed efficiency(5-15%)
4. Reduced egg production (10-20%)& efficiency
5. Increased embryo mortalities (5-20%)
6. Increased mortality rate (5-30%)
7. Increased medication costs
8. Increased costs of prevention and control ,include
surveillance (serology,culture,isolation, and
identification)

32.
‫انعايم‬‫الوظجت‬Cause
ُْ‫كبئي‬‫دقيق‬‫يحتل‬‫هزحلخ‬‫هتْططخ‬‫ثيي‬‫الجزاثين‬‫ّالفيزّطبد‬ٔ‫ّيظو‬
‫هبيكْثالسهب‬‫غبليظيجتكن‬Mycoplama Gallispticum‫حيث‬َ‫ل‬
‫ثؼط‬‫صفبد‬‫الجزاثين‬‫ّالفيزّطبد‬‫ّيختلف‬‫ػي‬ٔ‫األّل‬‫ّالثبًيخ‬
‫ثجؼط‬‫الصفبد‬‫أى‬ٍ‫ُذ‬‫الكبئٌبد‬‫صغيزح‬ً‫ا‬‫جذ‬‫ليض‬‫لخليتِب‬‫غشبء‬.
‫تتلْى‬ً‫ب‬‫طلجي‬‫ثصجغخ‬‫غزام‬.
‫تتؼبيش‬‫الويكْثالسهب‬‫طجيؼيب‬ٔ‫ف‬‫صْرح‬‫غيز‬‫هوزظخ‬ٔ‫ف‬‫الجِبس‬
ٔ‫التٌفظ‬ْٓ‫الؼل‬‫للطبئز‬.

33.
Transmission- MG/MS
Vertical (transovarian)
MG/MS are transmitted in eggs laid by infected
breeders
 Peak transmission is minimal < 3% of eggs

34.
Horizontal Transmission:
Dust, equipments, wild birds as sparrows,
trucks, feed, workers, vet. doctors, insects
as cats, dogs, contaminated vaccines.

35.
Infected chickens transmit MG/MS
through aerosols (short distances)
contaminated feed and water
MS spreads more rapidly than MG

36.
FEED
Skin: <4 hrs
Ear: 4 hrs
Nose: 1 day
Hair: 3 days
Feathers: 4
days
Feed: 4 hrsRubber: 2
days
Shavings: 8
hrs
Wood: 1 day
Cotton: 4
days
Mechanical transmission and survival of
MG

37.
‫الويكْثالسهب‬ ‫لوزض‬ ‫الوِيئخ‬ ‫الؼْاهل‬

38.
‫المعقد‬ ‫المسمن‬ ‫التنفسى‬ ‫المرض‬
CCRD
‫االجهاد‬ ‫عوامل‬
Stress
‫الثانوية‬ ‫البكتيريا‬
E coli‫الميكوبالزما‬

39.
Stress
‫االخهاد‬ ‫عىايم‬
 Bad ventillation ‫التِْيخ‬ ‫طْء‬
 Cold ‫الجزّدح‬
(Temp. Variation)
 High amonia ‫األهًْيب‬
 Dust ‫األتزثخ‬
 Mycotoxins ‫الفطزيخ‬ ‫الظوْم‬
 Immunosuppression
ٔ‫الوٌبػ‬ ‫التثجيط‬
 Poor feed ‫الؼلف‬ ‫طحت‬ ‫قلخ‬
 Overcrowding ‫التشاحن‬

40.
Pathogenic
Mycoplasma

41.
MG is an intracellular
microorganisms

42.
 The latent status, i.e., when the mycoplasma is not
recognized by the host immune system, may be
explained by its intracellular location due to
environmental pressure, as can be exemplified by the
presence of antimicrobials in host tissues for the
treatment of MG, MS or MM infection of birds.

43.
 The frequent changes on surface antigens (antigenic
variations due to defective DNA repair system) allow
mycoplasmas to evade the host immune system, and
facilitate their survival when adhered to the host
respiratory tract

44.
Their pathogenic
mechanism for disease include adherence to host target
cells

45.
Destruction of cilia on endothelial
cells

46.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum Invades Chicken
Erythrocytes during Infection

47.
Clinical
signs

48.
INCUBATION PERIOD
Varies from 6-21 days
Varies depend on :
 MG strain virulence
 Complicating infection
 Environmental and other stressors
‫ّالزّهي‬ ‫الذجبج‬ ‫قطؼبى‬ ٔ‫ػل‬ ‫األػزاض‬ ‫تظِز‬ ‫هب‬ ً‫ب‬‫غبلج‬
‫الجيط‬ ‫إًتبج‬ ‫ثذء‬ ‫ػٌذ‬

49.
1.Coughing
2.Sneezing
3.Gasping
4.Rales
5.Ocular and nasal discharge
6.Decrease in feed consumption
7.Pale comb and head
8.Increased mortalities
Broilers

50.
Mycoplasmosis in Breeders
 Reduce egg production (MG free hens laid 15 more eggs
per hen housed than unvaccinated MG infected birds over a
45 week laying period)
 lower fertility (MG & MS)
 lower egg shell quality
 Pipped embryo
 poor chick quality
 smaller chicks
 greater cost per chick

51.
PM lesions
Catarrhal inflammation of sinuses,
trachea, and bronchi.
Air-sacculitis:

52.
‫انًاَكىتالصيا‬ ‫إصاتح‬ ‫دسخاخ‬:
•‫درجخ‬‫صفش‬‫شفبفخ‬ ّ ‫ًظيفخ‬ ‫الِْائيخ‬ ‫االكيبص‬.
•‫درجخ‬1‫الِْائيخ‬ ‫االكيبص‬ ‫في‬ ‫ػتبهخ‬.
•‫درجخ‬2‫الِْائيخ‬ ‫االكيبص‬ ‫في‬ ‫تعخن‬.
•‫درجخ‬3‫التِبثي‬ ‫ًعح‬ ‫ّجْد‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫لحوي‬ ‫هٌظز‬
‫الِْائيخ‬ ‫االكيبص‬ ‫هي‬ ‫ّاحذح‬ ‫جِخ‬ ‫في‬.
•‫درجخ‬4‫التِبثي‬ ‫ًعح‬ ‫ّجْد‬ ‫هغ‬ ‫لحوي‬ ‫هٌظز‬
‫في‬‫الِْائيخ‬ ‫االكيبص‬ ‫هي‬ ‫جِتيي‬.

53.
‫صفش‬ ‫دسخح‬:‫َظُفح‬ ‫و‬ ‫شفافح‬ ‫انهىائُح‬ ‫االكُاط‬

54.
Mycoplasma Score 1. No pericarditis and perihepatitis

55.
‫الهىائية‬ ‫االكياس‬ ‫في‬ ‫تضخم‬
‫االكياس‬ ‫في‬ ‫نضح‬ ‫يىجذ‬ ‫ال‬
‫االصابة‬ ‫درجة‬2Dr Lloyd Reeve-Johnson, PhD Thesis, Veterinary Epidemiology
and Economics Research Unit, University of Reading

56.
‫مع‬ ‫الهىائية‬ ‫االكياس‬ ‫في‬ ‫تضخم‬
‫إلتهابية‬ ‫إفرازات‬ ‫و‬ ‫نضح‬ ‫وجىد‬
‫الكبذ‬ ‫و‬ ‫القلب‬ ‫على‬ ‫إصابة‬ ‫ال‬
Dr Lloyd Reeve-Johnson, PhD Thesis, Veterinary Epidemiolo
and Economics Research Unit, University of Reading
‫درجة‬3:‫الهىائية‬ ‫لالكياس‬ ‫شاملة‬ ‫إصابة‬

57.
‫إصاتح‬E.coli ‫ثاَىَح‬ ‫كإصاتح‬

58.
ٍ‫ساَُىف‬ ‫ياَكىتالصيا‬
Infectious Synovitis
‫االستطح‬ ‫و‬ ‫انًفاصم‬ ٍ‫ف‬ ‫انتهاب‬
‫تُفسُح‬ ‫إصاتاخ‬

59.
Eggshell Apex Abnormality

60.
Options to assist in eradication
effort or to reduce losses
Medication
Vaccination

61.
Medication
1. Treat MG respiratory diseases
2. Reduce egg production losses
3. Reduce MG shedding and transmission.
4. Reduce severity of lesions and clinical
signs.
5. Significantly reduce population of MG in
the respiratory tract.
Antimycoplasmal drugs have been used
to :

62.
Treatment
.1ٍُ‫تهًُكىس‬
.2ٍُ‫تُايىن‬
.3ً‫دوك‬‫س‬ٍُُ‫كه‬-ٍُ‫تتشاسُكه‬ ً‫أوكس‬
.4ٍُ‫َىسفهىكساس‬-ٍُ‫سُثشوفهىكساس‬-ٍُ‫اَشوفهىكساس‬
.5ٍُ‫سثُشاياَس‬
.6ٍُ‫نُُكىياَس‬
.7ٍَ‫تاَهىص‬
.8ٍُ‫اسَثشويُس‬
‫انمىنىَُح‬ ‫تانعصُاخ‬ ‫انثاَىَح‬ ‫األصاتح‬ ‫حانح‬ ً‫ف‬CCRD‫عًم‬ ‫َتى‬
‫انحُىي‬ ‫انًعاد‬ ‫استخذاو‬ ‫َتى‬ ‫عهُه‬ ‫وتُاءا‬ ‫حساسُح‬ ‫اختثاس‬.

63.
Antimycoplasmal Drugs
MIC (μg/ml)Antimicrobial
0.048Tilmicosoin
0.006-0.39Tiamulin
0.04Doxycycline
0.05Enrofloxacin
0.06Ciprofloxacin
0.08Lincomycin
0.4-4Tylosin
0.08Erythromycin

64.
ANTIMYCOPLASMA PLANNING
BROILER
Dose Days
I 1,2,3
II 20,21,22 (With live vaccines
(ND)

65.
Antimycoplasma Planning
Layer-Breeder
Dose Days
I 1,2,3
II For 3 days (20,21,22)
III For 3 days during the 9th week
IV For 3 days during the 17th week
V Feed additive ( premix ) continously
during laying

66.
MG and MS Vaccination
Vaccine types:
MG
􀂾 F-strain MG
􀂾 Strain 6/85
􀂾 TS-11
􀂾 Bacterin – inactivated
MS
􀂾 MS-H
􀂾 MG Bacterin- inactivated

67.
Newcastle Disease
Synonyms
Pseudo fowl plaque
Avian distemper
Pests
Avian pneumoencephilitis

68.
Definition
It’s usually an acute highly contagious
septicemic disease of domestic and wild
birds characterized by respiratory
symptoms accompanied or followed by
nervous manifestation with high losses in
susceptible birds.
(Disease common & serious in Egypt)

69.
Strains of the virus vary in
virulence (Pathogenecity):
a) Velogenic strains: Texas, Herts, highly virulence
used for challenge. Embryo receiving minimal lethal
dose die ( 50hrs ).
b) Mesogenic strains: Komarov, used as a vaccine.
Moderate in pathogencity for CE (2-3 day) for ODO
& 8-10 wks (death rarely).
c) Lentogenic strains: F1, B1, lasota , low virulence
used as a vaccine. Pathogenicity for CE die after
100 hrs. For ODO, 8-10 wks old in apparent disease.
d) Apathogenic: Enteric strains

70.
Pathotyping of NDV strains

71.
ND

72.
Avian Paramyxovirus – 1 (APMV-1)
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Paramyxoviridae
Sub-Family: Paramyxovirinae
Genera: Avulavirus
Serogroups: 9 Serogroups (APMV 1 – 9)
(PPMV-1): Pigeons & Doves - Antigenic variant of NDV
HN
L, NP, P (V)
Newcastle Disease Virus

73.
NP: Nucleoprotein
P: Phosphorilated protein (Overlapping V gene protein)
M: Matrix
F: Fusion with host cell membrane (Smaller spike)
HN: Hemagglutinin / Neuraminidase activities (Largest spike)
L gene: RNA-Directed RNA polimerase (Nucleocapside)
NP P M F0 HN L
Genomic Features
Enveloped pleomorphic RNA virus
100-500 nm size
Single-stranded; Non-segmented
Negative sense (15kb)
Helical nucleocapside symmetry
(Herring-bone like structure)
NDV
Genome
Features
Lentogenic
112RRQRRF117
Velogenic

74.
Although all NDV isolates characterized to date belong to a single
serotype, the avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), significant
genetic diversity has been recognized among different NDV isolates.
Historically, NDV isolates have been classified into two major groups
(class I and II), based on their genome lengths and the nucleotide
sequences of their genomes.
Class I viruses are distributed worldwide and have been isolated
mainly from waterfowl and shorebirds.
Class II viruses have been divided into 11 genotypes (I to XI) with
genotypes V, VI, VII, and VIII being the predominant genotypes
circulating worldwide.
Among these, genotype VII viruses are particularly important given
that they have been associated with many of the most recent
outbreaks in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East

75.
Antigenicity and immunogenicity
 Few antigenic variations
 Cell mediated immunity (Local immunity:
mainly IgA )
 Humoral immunity
 Antibodies against fusion protein
 Antibodies against HN protein : HI Ab
 Passive immunity of the chick

76.
Respiratory Form
109

77.
Neurotropic Form110

78.
Enteric Form111

79.
Egg Production114

80.
ND

81.
Kind of ND vaccines used for
immunization of chickens in Egypt:
A. Live lentogenic vaccines: Prepared
from naturally weak strains.
1. F. strain vaccine:
• It is used in chicks aged 1-10 days.
• Via eye dropping , nasal instillation ,
beak dipping
• Local prepared.

82.
Kind of ND vaccines:
2. Hitchiner B1 vaccine:
• Used for individual vaccination (Eye).
• Massive vaccination (D.W) spraying.
• Used in chicks aged 1-10 days.
3. Lasota vaccine:( Colone, Avinew )
• It is more virulent strain than F & B1.
• It must used as a second vaccination
after the first one with either F or B1 .
• It’s used through DW., or spraying.

83.
Kind of ND vaccines:
B. Live mesogenic vaccine:
• As Komarov vaccine, local prepared .
• Administrated only by intermuscular
I/M.
• Used for birds aged not less than 4-6
wks.
• Must be in good healthy condition and
not in production.

84.
Kind of ND vaccines:
C. Inactivated vaccine (Dead vaccine):
• Egg propagated (velogenic virus) killed with
formaline with adjuvant.
• Administ.to chickens & turkeys I/M or S/C.
• Used for vaccination of chickens previously
vaccinated with ND live vaccine.
• It gives immunity after 14 days and the immunity
persist for 3-4 m in birds vaccinated at early age
and for 10-12 m in birds vaccinated at the age of
18-22 wks.
D. Recombonant vaccine :
Its live HVT vaccine Carring F gene of NDV, not
interfere with MDA, apply at 1 DO ,long protect.

85.
Infectious Coryza
(IC)

86.
Def.
 An acute, highly contagious catarrh
mainly of growing or mature chicken