Here are the steps for the paper collage activity inspired by Fernand Leger's painting "The City": 1. Look closely at Leger's painting and notice how he used basic geometric shapes and forms to depict buildings, roads, etc. 2. Collect magazines, colored paper, foil, etc. and cut out various shapes, forms and textures that could represent urban elements. 3. On a large piece of paper, start arranging your cutouts in an abstract cityscape composition without worrying about realism. Overlap shapes. 4. Continue adding, removing and rearranging cutouts until you achieve a balanced, rhythmic composition like Leger's. 5. Glue down the cutouts

1. QUARTER I: MODERN
ART
Impressionism: Origins of the Movement

2. • Impressionism was an art movement that emerged in the second half of
the 19th century among a group of Paris-based artists.
• The duration of the impressionist movement itself was quite short, less
than 20 years from 1872 to the mid-1880s. But it had a tremendous
impact and influence on the painting styles that followed, such as neo-
impressionism, post-impressionism, fauvism, and cubism—and even the
artistic styles and movements of today.
• The name impressionism was coined from the title of a work by French
painter Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant (in English, Impression,
Sunrise).

3. Impression, Sunrise Claude Monet, 1872
Oil on canvas

4. • The term precisely captured what this group of artists sought
to represent in their works: the viewer’s momentary
“impression” of an image.
• It was not intended to be clear or precise, but more like a
fleeting fragment of reality caught on canvas, sometimes in
mid-motion, at other times awkwardly positioned—just as it
would be in real life.

5. The Influence of Delacroix
• One major influence was the work of French painter Eugène
Delacroix. Delacroix was greatly admired and emulated by the
early impressionists—specifically for his use of expressive
brushstrokes, his emphasis on movement rather than on
clarity of form, and most of all his study of the optical effects
of color.

6. The Barque of Dante Eugène Delacroix,
1822 Oil on canvas

7. •a fictional scene from Dante’s Inferno, showing Dante
and the poet Virgil crossing hell’s River Styx, while
tormented souls struggle to climb aboard their boat.
•It is the drops of water running down the bodies of
these doomed souls (see enlarged detail below) that
are painted in a manner almost never used in
Delacroix’s time.

9. Impressionism: A Break from Past
Painting Traditions
• These involved their use of color, choice of subject matter
and setting, and technique for capturing light and conveying
movement.

10. Color and Light
• the impressionists painted with freely brushed colors that conveyed
more of a visual effect than a detailed rendering of the subject.
• They used short “broken” strokes that were intentionally made visible to
the viewer.
• They also often placed pure unmixed colors side by side, rather than
blended smoothly or shaded.
• The result was a feeling of energy and intensity, as the colors appeared
to shift and move—again, just as they do in reality.

11. “Everyday” Subjects
• They ventured into capturing scenes of life around them,
household objects, landscapes and seascapes, houses, cafes,
and buildings.
• They presented ordinary people seemingly caught off-guard
doing everyday tasks, at work or at leisure, or doing nothing
at all.
• they were not made to look beautiful or lifelike, as body parts
could be distorted and facial features merely suggested by a
few strokes of the brush.

12. Painting Outdoors
• still lifes, portraits, and landscapes were usually painted inside
a studio.
• the impressionists found that they could best capture the
ever-changing effects of light on color by painting outdoors
in natural light.
• This gave their works a freshness and immediacy that was
quite a change from the stiffer, heavier, more planned
paintings of earlier masters.

13. Open Composition
• They experimented with unusual visual angles, sizes of
objects that appeared out of proportion, off-center
placement, and empty spaces on the canvas.

14. The Influence of Photography
•the artists were able to offer a subjective view of their
subjects, expressing their personal perceptions rather
than creating exact representations.
•They also had the advantage of manipulating color,
which photography at that time still lacked.

15. Seatwork
1. How did the term impressionism originate? What did it mean?
2. In what country did this art movement begin, and in what period of
history? 3.
3. What was the significance of the painting technique used by Delacroix
in the development of the impressionist style?
4. What characteristics distinguished impressionism from the art
movements of the earlier centuries? Cite and briefly describe at least
three of these characteristics.
5. How was the impressionist style influenced by the early stages of
photography?

16. Activity
1. Take a set of watercolors (cake type or in tubes). Choose one
secondary color: orange, green, or violet.
2. Color a shape on a paper using this single secondary color.
3. Beside it, color a similar shape using strokes of the two primary colors
that are combined in that particular secondary color (ex: red + yellow
= orange; blue + yellow = green; red + blue = violet).
4. Hold the paper some distance away and ask your classmates to
comment on the “impression” of the secondary color you have created
and the actual color itself.

17. IMPRESSIONISM:
Works of Manet, Monet, and Renoir

18. Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
• one of the first 19th century artists to depict modern-life subjects.
• He was a key figure in the transition from realism to impressionism
Argenteuil
Edouard Manet, 1874
Rue Mosnier Decked With Flags
Edouard Manet, 1878

19. Claude Monet (1840-1926)
• one of the founders of the impressionist
movement along with his friends Auguste
Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric Bazille.
• the most prominent of the group; and is
considered the most influential figure in the
movement.
• best known for his landscape paintings,
particularly those depicting his beloved flower
gardens and water lily ponds at his home in
Giverny. La Promenade
Claude Monet, 1875

20. Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
• one of the central figures of the
impressionist movement.
• His early works were snapshots of real life,
full of sparkling color and light.
• Renoir broke away from the impressionist
movement to apply a more disciplined,
formal technique to portraits of actual
people and figure paintings.
Dancer by auguste renoir

21. POST-
IMPRESSIONISM:
Works of Cezanne and Van Gogh

22. post-impressionism
• this movement continued using the basic qualities of the impressionists
before them—the vivid colors, heavy brush strokes, and true-to-life
subjects.
• they expanded and experimented with these in bold new ways, like
using a geometric approach, fragmenting objects and distorting
people’s faces and body parts, and applying colors that were not
necessarily realistic or natural.

23. Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)
• a French artist and post-impressionist
painter.
• His work exemplified the transition
from late 19th-century impressionism
to a new and radically different world
of art in the 20th century—paving the
way for the next revolutionary art
movement known as expressionism.
Hortense Fiquet in a Striped Skirt
Paul Cezanne, 1878
Oil on canvas

24. Still Life with Compotier
Paul Cezanne, 1879-1882
Oil on canvas
Harlequin
Paul Cezanne, 1888-1890
Oil on canvas

25. VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853-1890)
• was a post-impressionist
painter from The Netherlands.
• His works were remarkable
for their strong, heavy brush
strokes, intense emotions,
and colors that appeared to
almost pulsate with energy.
Sheaves of Wheat in a Field
Vincent van Gogh, 1885
Oil on canvas

26. • The Sower
• Vincent van Gogh, 1888
• Oil on canvas
• Still Life: Vase with Fifteen
Sunflowers
• Vincent van Gogh, 1888
• Oil on canvas

27. • The Sower
• Vincent van Gogh, 1888
• Oil on canvas
• Starry Night
• Vincent van Gogh, 1889
• Oil on canvas

28. Wheat Field with Cypresses
Vincent van Gogh, 1889
Oil on canvas

29. Assignment 1.2
Elements and Principles of Art in
Impressionism
1. As a review, briefly describe each of the
following elements of art which you have
learned in your Art classes in the earlier
grade levels.
• Line
• Shape
• Form
• Space
• Color
• Value
• Texture
2. Now review the following principles of art
which you have studied before. Briefly
describe each one.
• Rhythm / Movement
• Balance
• Emphasis
• Harmony / Unity / Variety
• Proportion

30. 3. For each element of art above,
cite one sample work by an
impressionist or post-
impressionist painter and briefly
describe how this element was
applied in a new way. You may use
the following sample format:
Ex.: Element: Line
• Name of artist:
• Title of work:
• How the element was
applied:____________
4. For each principle of art above,
cite one sample work by an
impressionist or post-impressionist
painter and briefly describe how this
principle was applied in a new way.
You may use the following sample
format:
Ex.: Principle: Rhythm/Movement
• Name of artist:
• Title of work:
• How the principle was applied: __

31. EXPRESSIONISM:
A BOLD NEW
MOVEMENT

32. • Expressionist artists created works with more emotional force, rather than
with realistic or natural images. To achieve this, they distorted outlines,
applied strong colors, and exaggerated forms.
They worked more with their imagination
and feelings, rather than with what their eyes saw in the physical world.
The various styles that arose within the expressionist art movements
were:
• neoprimitivism
• Fauvism
• dadaism
• surrealism
• social realism

33. Neoprimitivism •an art style that
incorporated
elements from the
native arts of the
South Sea Islanders
and the wood
carvings of African
tribes which suddenly
became popular at
that time.
Head
Amedeo Modigliani, c.
1913
Stone
Yellow Sweater
Amedeo Modigliani, c. 1919
Oil on Canvas

34. Fauvism
•a style that used
bold, vibrant colors
and visual
distortions. Its name
was derived from
les fauves (“wild
beasts”),
Blue Window
Henri Matisse, 1911
Oil on canvas
Woman with Hat
Henri Matisse, 1905
Oil on canvas

35. Dadaism
•a style
characterized by
dream fantasies,
memory images,
and visual tricks
and surprises
Melancholy and Mystery of a
Street
Giorgio de Chirico, 1914
Oil on canvas
I and the Village
Marc Chagall, 1911
Oil on canvas

36. Surrealism •a style that
depicted an
illogical,
subconscious
dream world
beyond the logical,
conscious, physical
one.
Persistence of Memory
Salvador Dali, 1931
Oil on canvas

37. Diana
Paul Klee, 1932
Oil on wood
Personages with Star
Joan Miro, 1933
Oil on wood

38. Social Realism •social realists have
addressed different
issues: war, poverty,
corruption, industrial and
environmental hazards,
and more in the hope of
raising people’s
awareness and pushing
society to seek reforms.
Miners’ Wives
Ben Shahn, 1948
Egg tempera on board

39. Guernica
Pablo Picasso, 1937
Oil on canvas (Size: 11’ 5 1/2” x 25’ 5 3/4”)

40. ABSTRACTIONISM

41. •The abstractionist movement arose from the
intellectual points of view in the 20th century.
•In the world of science, physicists were formulating
a new view of the universe, which resulted in the
concepts of space-time and relativity.
•representational abstractionism, depicting still-
recognizable subjects (as in the artwork on the left),
to pure abstractionism, where no recognizable
subject could be discerned.

42. Oval Still Life (Le Violon)
Georges Braque, 1914
Oil on canvas

43. Cubist/ Cubism •style derived its
name from the
cube, a three-
dimensional
geometric figure
composed of
strictly measured
lines, planes, and
angles.
Three Musicians
Pablo Picasso, 1921
Oil on canvas
Girl Before a Mirror
(detail)
Pablo Picasso, 1932
Oil on canvas

44. Futurism •futurists created
art for a fast-
paced, machine-
propelled age.
•They admired the
motion, force,
speed, and
strength of
mechanical forms.
TArmored Train
Gino Severini, 1915
Oil on canvas

45. Mechanical Style
•style, basic forms
such as planes,
cones, spheres, and
cylinders all fit
together precisely
and neatly in their
appointed places.
The City
Fernand Léger, 1919
Oil on canvas

46. Nomnobjectivis
•The logical
geometrical
conclusion of
abstractionism
came in the
style.
New York City
Piet Mondrian, 1942
Oil on canvas

47. Assignment 1.3
1. Explain the difference between expressionism and abstractionism.
2. How did the cubists give a sense of dynamism and energy to their
works?
3. Who is considered the most famous abstractionist and cubist artist?
4. Describe how each of the following styles reflected modern life:
a. futurism
b. mechanical style
c. nonobjectivism

48. Activity 1.2
 Inspiration: Impressionism (Painting)
 Hands-on: Paper collage (Fernand Leger’s “The City, 1919”)