Ryan Chin -

2. Our Sponsors

3. Autonomous Mobility-on-Demand Systems
MIT Media Lab
Car Sharing Association, AutoShare Conference (Toronto, CA)
Ryan C.C. Chin, Ph.D.
Managing Director, City Science Initiative
Research Scientist, MIT Media Lab

4. Global Mega-trends
Affecting Cities

5. In 2007, the UN reported that over:

6. In 2007, the UN reported that over:
50%Of the world’s population now lives in urban areas

7. In the 21st century about:

8. In the 21st century about:
90%Of the population growth will be in urban areas (UN Report 2007)

9. Cities will account for:

10. 80%Of all global CO2
Cities will account for:

11. As well as:

12. As well as:
75%of all global energy use

13. In cities, transportation and building operations account for at least:

14. In cities, transportation and building operations account for at least:
66%Of all urban energy use (Imperial College Urban Systems Project)

15. China is and will experience EXTREME URBANIZATION over the
next 15 years. An estimate of approximately:

16. China is and will experience EXTREME URBANIZATION over the
next 15 years. An estimate of approximately:
300,000,000+Rural Chinese will move to urban areas (McKinsey Report 2011)

17. The Current State of
Automotive-Centric
Mobility in Cities

18. A typical automobile weights ~3500 lbs. (1360 Kg), which is:

19. A typical automobile weights ~3500 lbs. (1360 Kg), which is:
25XThe weight of the driver (average man is approx. 175lbs or 79Kg)

20. A typical automobile weights ~3000 lbs. (1360 Kg), which is:
4050lbs
(1837kg)
3830lbs
(1737kg)
2712lbs
(1230kg)
3235lbs
(1467kg)
3362lbs
(1525kg)
3803lbs
(1725kg)
25XThe weight of the driver (average man is approx. 175lbs or 79Kg)

21. A typical automobile’s top speed is over 115 mph (184kph), this is

22. A typical automobile’s top speed is over 115 mph (184kph), this is

23. A typical automobile’s top speed is over 115 mph (184kph), this is
6XMore than the average speed in NYC (18.8mph or 30kph)

24. A typical automobile’s top speed is over 115 mph (184kph), this is
6XMore than the average speed in NYC (18.8mph or 30kph)
Average Speeds
London (11.8mph or 19kph)
Beijing (17mph or 27.5kph)

25. A typical automobile can travel more than 300 miles (482km)
without refueling. This is:

26. A typical automobile can travel more than 300 miles (482km)
without refueling. This is:
7XMore than the average round trip in the US (50 miles or 80km)

27. A typical gasoline powered automobile with an internal combustion
energy produces:

28. A typical gasoline powered automobile with an internal combustion
energy produces:
3XMore CO2 than electric vehicles (MIT Transportation Report 2008)

29. A typical parked automobile occupies ~90 Square Feet
(8.3 Square Meters)

30. A typical parked automobile occupies ~90 Square Feet
(8.3 Square Meters)
23XMore space than a comfortable office chair (4 SQ or 0.4 SM)

31. A typical automobile consumes ~1200 Square feet (112 Square
meters) of space for parking, driving, and maintenance which is:

32. A typical automobile consumes ~1200 Square feet (112 Square
meters) of space for parking, driving, and maintenance which is:
3XMore than the average studio apartment in NYC (400SQ or 37SM)

33. A typical automobile consumes ~1200 Square feet (112 Square
meters) of space for parking, driving, and maintenance which is:
3XMore than the average studio apartment in NYC (~400SQ or 37SM)

34. A typical automobile (privately-owned) that travels approximately
12,000 miles (19,300 km) a year is utilized only:

35. A typical automobile (privately-owned) that travels approximately
12,000 miles (19,300 km) a year is utilized only:
7%Of each day (12,000mi at 18.8 mph over a 24h period).

36. In congested urban areas about:

37. In congested urban areas about:
40%of gasoline use is in looking for parking (Imperial College Urban
Systems Project)

38. Congestion (Beijing)

39. Congestion (Bangalore)

40. Pollution (Shanghai)

41. Particulate Matter Levels in Beijing (Source: V. Karplus)

42. Chinese New Passenger Vehicle Sales (2005 – 2010)
(Not including heavy-duty or freight vehicles)

43. Chinese New Passenger Vehicle Sales (2005 – 2010)
(Not including heavy-duty or freight vehicles)
China new car
sales surpasses
United States
(13.6 vs. 10.4M)

44. Increased Vehicle Ownership Compromises Global Energy Security

45. Increased Vehicle Ownership Compromises Global Energy Security

46. Sprawl (Los Angeles)

47. Sprawl (Mexico City)

48. Sprawl (Riyadh)

49. Tower Sprawl(Guangzhou)

50. Toronto Sprawl

51. What Are Cities
Doing about this?

52. Restrictions to Private Car Ownership
1. License Plate Lottery – Beijing has restricted number of licenses to 240,000 for new cars (2011)
2. Taxation and other limits – Certificate of Entitlement (COE) and Additional Registration Fee
(ARF) of Singapore designed to limit the total number of cars through a bidding system and
taxation (140% in addition to cost of vehicle)
3. Congestion Pricing – London, Singapore, Stockholm, Milan
4. License Plate Rationing – Restricts driving based on license plate number (Mexico
City, Bogotá, São Paulo, Auckland, Athens, and Santiago)
MIT Media Lab City Science

53. The Emergence of Vehicle Sharing
1. Bicycle Sharing is exploding: By 2008 more than 80 cities around the world will offer the service.
Paris’s Vélib bike sharing system utilizes over 30,000 bikes at 1400 stations.
2. Car Sharing systems like ZipCar, Car2go (by Daimler-Benz), and Autolib (car version of Vélib)
are rapidly expanding.
3. 5000 cars in the US, 10% adoption rates in cities, over 600 cities in the world have it.
MIT Media Lab City Science

55. “Since the end of World War II,
new cars and suburban houses have
powered the world’s largest
economy and propelled our most
impressive
recoveries……Millennials may have
lost interest in both.”

57. Mobility-on-Demand
(where alternatives to the private automobile are more
convenient, affordable, and pleasurable, and traffic
congestion is essentially eliminated)

58. Walking (Privileged Mode) Shared Bikes Shared Electric Bikes
Shared Electric Tram/Bus
Shared Electric PEVs
Shared CityCars
Shared Electric Scooters Mobility-on-Demand Modes

59. A collaboration with:
Sanyang (SYM) and Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI)
of Taiwan
The RoboScooter
Folding Electric Motor Scooter
The GreenWheel
Smart Electric Bicycle

60. RoboScooter and GreenWheel

61. Persuasive Electric Vehicle for Bike-Lanes (PEV)
Democratizing bike-lane
access while addressing
the problems of:
energy
congestion
mobility
aging
obesity

62. 250 Watt Hub Motor
(with higher power
options)
Swappable Module:
Child Seat, Groceries,
Mail & Package
Delivery, Fast-food
Delivery, etc.
Rain Screen
Headlights
Battery
Chain Drive
Charging
Carving Mechanism
Charging/Docking Port
Persuasive Electric Vehicle for Bike-Lanes (PEV)
(EU Bike Lane Regulations)
Weight Limitation: 60 Kg Weight
Speed Limitation: 20 KpH

63. Persuasive Electric Vehicle for Bike-Lanes (PEV)

64. CityCar
(A Foldable, Sharable, Electric, Modular, 2-Passenger
Vehicle for Cities)

65. In-Wheel Electric Motor Technology (Robot Wheels)
1. Integrated in-Wheel Motor Module – Contains electric drive motors, electric
steering, braking, suspension in one self-contained unit.
2. Utilization of by-wire controls – Electronic control of Wheel Robot provides design flexibility
with vehicle architecture and programmability of vehicle control system.
3. Lightweight Manufacture and Servicing – Economies of Scale at Wheel assembly level and
easy maintenance and replacement.
MIT Media Lab City Science

66. In-Wheel Electric Motor Technology (Robot Wheels)
1. Integrated in-Wheel Motor Module – Contains electric drive motors, electric steering,
braking, suspension in one self-contained unit.
2. Utilization of by-wire controls – Electronic control of Wheel Robot provides design flexibility
with vehicle architecture and programmability of vehicle control system.
3. Lightweight Manufacture and Servicing – Economies of Scale at Wheel assembly level and
easy maintenance and replacement.
MIT Media Lab City Science

67. MIT CityCar: A Sharable, Foldable, 2-Passenger, Electric Vehicle
MIT Media Lab City Science

68. Energy and Space Efficient
CityCar Target
Specifications (Unfolded)
Length: 2500mm
Width: 1700mm
Weight: 450kg
Range: 100km

69. CityCar Parking Ratios: 3 to 1 vs. Traditional Vehicles
MIT Media Lab City Science

70. 5X cars/area with folding and autonomous parking

71. CityCar Study in Hong Kong
MIT Media Lab City Science

72. CityCar Study in Singapore
MIT Media Lab City Science

73. CityCar Study in Bilbao, Spain

74. Commercialization
of the MIT CityCar in
Spain (Hiriko)

75. Hiriko CityCar by MIT Media lab Sponsor Denokinn – Vitoria Gasteiz
MIT Media Lab City Science

76. Automotive Suppliers, F2 Engineering, MIT Media Lab

77. Full Scale Prototype Development

78. Hiriko CityCar Robot Wheel

79. Full-scale Foam Model and Comparison

80. Hiriko Modules and Primary Co-manufacturers
Members of HIRIKO CARS:
Copyright © AFYPAIDA 2010. This document is the property of AFYPAIDA and must not be disclosed to any third party without the written permission of the company.
MIT Media Lab City Science

81. Hiriko Size Comparison
MIT Media Lab City Science

82. Hiriko CityCar Body, Mechanicals, and Electronics
MIT Media Lab City Science

83. Hiriko CityCar Full-Scale Body and Interior (August 2011)

84. Unveiling the CityCar at
the European Union
Commission (EU) –
Brussels (Jan 24th,2012)

86. Unveiling with EU President – José Manuel Barroso
MIT Media Lab City Science

87. MIT Media Lab City Science

89. MIT Media Lab City Science

90. MIT Media Lab City Science

92. CityCar Test Drive –
Vitoria, Spain

94. What’s Next:
Autonomous Vehicles

95. Emergence of Autonomous Vehicles
1. DARPA Urban Challenge has help to fund and ignite research in autonomous self-driving
automobiles
2. Improved Safety – V2V communication and sensing to avoid accidents
3. Improved Traffic Flow – Close platooning capability to improve traffic flow and throughput.
4. Potential to Lower Weight of Vehicle – Accident avoidance provides the potential to lighten
the vehicle (Chris Borroni-Bird)
MIT Media Lab City Science

96. Automobile Deaths (USA, Globally 2010)
(10,228) – Alcohol Related
(5,919) – Drug Related
(Marijuana, Cocaine, etc.)
(5,920) – Distracted Driving
(Texting, Calls, Eating, etc.)
(10,852) – Other
(Sleeping, Aging, Roadway and vehicle
factors)
Source: Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDCP)
32,918 Deaths in the USA (2010)
1,200,000 Deaths Globally
Estimated Cost for Motor Vehicle Collisions (USA, 2000) = $230B (by CDCP)
31%
18%18%
33%

97. Automobile Deaths (USA, Globally 2010)
(10,228) – Alcohol Related
(5,919) – Drug Related
(Marijuana, Cocaine, etc.)
(5,920) – Distracted Driving
(Texting, Calls, Eating, etc.)
(10,852) – Other (Sleeping, Aging,
Roadway and vehicle factors)
Source: Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDCP)
32,918 Deaths in the USA (2010)
1,200,000 Deaths Globally
Estimated Cost for Motor Vehicle Collisions (USA, 2000) = $230B (by CDCP)
31%
18%18%
33% Autonomy Can Address
these Issues

98. LIDAR Sensing (E. Frazzoli, S. Karaman)

99. Autonomous
Intersection
(E. Frazzoli,
S. Karaman)

100. AEVITA
(Autonomous Electric
Vehicle Interaction Array)

102. Active Safety
Availability
Accessibility
Native integration
High utilization
Efficient design
Affordability
Autonomy Car Sharing
Electrification

103. What Else Can An
Autonomous
Electric Shared
Vehicle Fleet Do?

104. Resilient Energy
Networks for EVs
(where micro-grids, and locally produced renewables create agile,
adaptable, efficient energy networks for electric charging)

105. Non-Resilient Energy Networks
Image: New York Magazine, Nov 2012 MIT Media Lab Changing Places

106. New Energy Networks for Electric Mobility
With large-scale use, car
stacks throw enormous
battery capacity into the
electrical grid.
Effective utilization of
inexpensive, off-peak
power and clean but
intermittent power sources
– solar, wind, wave, etc.
A smart, distributed power
generation system
composed of these
sources (the entire city as
a virtual power plant)
minimizes transmission
losses.
MIT Media Lab Changing Places & Smart Cities Group
Energy Buffer

107. Second-Life EV Battery Buffer
Building
Transformer
Electrical Grid
DC2DC
Level-3
Charging
LEV LEV LEV LEV LEV
Community Heating and Cooling
Second Life EV batteries as Energy Storage and Buffer to the Grid
Design of a New Energy Ecosystem

108. In Memory of William J. Mitchell (1944-2010)
Professor of Architecture and Media Arts and Sciences (MIT)

109. The mission of City Science is to develop urban strategies
that can result in:
100X Reduction in CO2 emissions
10X Reduction in traffic congestion
5X Improvement in livability
2X Improvement in creativity
http://cities.media.mit.edu
Ryan C.C. Chin, Ph.D.
Managing Director, City Science Initiative, MIT Media Lab
rchin@mit.edu