2. Alfred Adler
Born: February 7, 1870 near Vienna
Third child in seven children
Apparent physical comfort, but miserably in
childhood
Known for his efforts of outdoing his older brother
Received a medical degree in 1895
Influenced by Marx's philosophy
Joined feuds group then decided to leave the
group and formed "the society of individual
psychology”
3. Individual psychology
Focuses on uniqueness of each
person
Denies universal biological drives and
goals
We should see person as a whole
rather than a part
4. Feelings of inferiority
Always present as motivating force in behavior
Source of all human striving
Growth results from compensation: attempts to
overcome inferior feeling
Inferiority Complex
Inability to overcome inferiority feelings: helpless, poor self-
opinion
3 sources
Organic: physical deficits
Spoiling: immediate gratification, little regard for needs
of others
Neglect: lack of love, security, develop feeling of
worthlessness
5. Striving for Superiority
Ultimate goal in life
Drive to perfection
Not an attempted to be better than others
Fictional finalism: reach goals set in the future to
be complete, whole potential and guide
behavior
Superior complex
Overcompensate for feelings of inferiority
Exaggerated and opinion of ones ability
and accomplishments
6. Style of life
Expression of striving superiority to attain
goals
Learned from early social interactions
Guiding frameworks for all later behaviors
how people live life, how they handle
problems and interpersonal relation
7. Universal Problems and styles of life
dealing with problems
Problems:
Involving behavior towards others
Occupational
Relationship/love
Styles of life:
Dominant – little self-awareness
Getting- Expect to receive satisfactions from others, becomes
dependent
Avoiding- avoids life problems
Socially useful- cooperates with others, shows social interests
8. Social interests
Innate potential to cooperate with others to
reach personal and societal goals
Individual must cooperate with and contribute
to society to achieve goals
Babies and small children often show
sympathy for others without having been
taught to do so.
Being useful to others
lacking in social interest including neurotics,
psychotics ,criminals ,drunkards ,problem,
children ,perverts are SOCIAL FAILURES
9. Neurosis
All neurosis is a matter of insufficient social
interest.
Three types:
1. Ruling type
2. Getting type
3. Avoiding type
10. 1. The rulling type
From childhood, they are characterized by
a tendency to be rather aggressive and
dominant with others
The strength of their striving after personal
power is so great that they tend to push
over anything or anybody who gets in their
way.
These are BULLIES and SADIST
11. 2. The getting type
They relatively passive: make
little effort to solve their own
problems
Instead, they rely on others to
take care of them
Frequently use charm to
persuade others to help them
12. 3. The avoiding type
These have the lowest level of
energy and only survive by
essentially avoiding life
When pushed to the limits, they
tend to become psychotic,
retreating finally into their own
personal words
13. Childhood
Like Freud, Adler saw personality or lifestyle s something established quite
early in life
There were three basic childhood situations that most contribute to faulty
lifestyle.
1. Feeling of inferiority: if someone's does not come along to draw their
attention to others, these children will remain focused on themselves.
2. Pampering: many children are taught by the actions of others that they can
take without giving.
They do not learn to do for themselves
They don’t know of dealing with others than giving of commands
3. Neglect: the child who neglected or abused learns what the pampered child
learns, but learns it in a far direct manner
They learn selfishness because they are taught to trust no one
14. Birth orders
Alder considered birth order, as another
one of those heuristic ideas—useful
fictions, that contribute to understanding
people but must be not taken too seriously.
Adler must be credited as the first theorist
to include the child's brothers and sisters as
an early influence on the child
15. 1. Only child
Family situation
Birth is miracle
Parents have no previous experience
Retains 20% percent attention from the parents
Can be over protected and spoiled
Child’s Characteristic
Likes being the center of attraction
Often has difficulty sharing with siblings and peers
Prefers adult company and uses adult language
16. 2. eldest child
Family situation
Dethroned by next child
Parents expectations are usually high
Often given responsibility and expected to set an
example
Childs characteristics
May become authoritarian or strict
Feels power in his hand
Can become helpful; if encouraged
17. 3. Second child
Family situation
He is the peacemaker
There is always someone ahead
Childs characteristics
Is more competitive, wants to overtake older child
May become a rebel or try to outdo everyone
Competition can deteriorate into rivalry
18. 4. Middle child
Family situation
Is “sandwiched”
May feel squeezed out of a position of privilege
and significance
Childs Characteristics
May be even tempered, “take it or leave it” attitude
19. 5. Youngest child
Family situation
Has many fathers and mothers
Never dethroned
Childs Characteristics
Wants to be bigger than others
May have huge plans that never work out
Frequently spoiled
20. Assessments: Early recollection and
dream analysis
Early recollection
Personality created in the first 4-5 years
Earliest memories reveals primary interests in life
Eg: attitudes towards achievements to future
situations
Dream analysis
Reveals feelings about current problem and
intended solutions
Oriented to present and future not past
Eg: school exams: unexpected situations
21. Techniques of Individual Psychology
Therapy
The counsellor must communicate that it is the client’s
responsibility to act and that from acting in a responsible
way he can expect progress and success.
i) Establishing the Relationship
ii) Exploring the Individuals Dynamics
iii) Encouraging Self-Understanding & Insight
iv) Helping with Reorientation
22. i) Establishing the Relationship
a) Supportive, collaborative, educational, encouraging process
b) Person-to-person contact with the client precedes identification of
the problem
How clients present himself?
How greets the therapist?
How talks about himself or others?
How handle new situation of therapy?
Bitter et al., 1998 says:
We often start an interview with “What do you want me to know
about you?” rather than “What brought you in?” or “What did you
want to talk about today?”. Meeting and valuing the person is
essential to positive change; the relationship may not be
everything that matters, but it is almost everything that matters.
23. c) Help client build awareness of his or her strengths
Attending and listening with empathy
Following the subjective experience of the client
Identifying and clarifying goals
Therapist provide a wide angle perspective that will
help client view his world differently.
24. (ii) Exploring the Individuals Dynamics
i. Lifestyle assessment
Family constellation
Early childhood history
Early memories
Basic mistakes
i. Subjective interview
Tell his story as completely as possible
Therapist listens for clues of what client’s cope approach & pattern to life.
iii. Objective interview
How problems in client’s life began
Any precipitating events
Medical history
Reasons client chose therapy at this time
25. iii) Encouraging Self-Understanding & Insight
Human life has purpose
Interpret the findings of the assessment
Hidden goals and purposes of behavior are made conscious
Therapist offers interpretations to help clients gain insight into
their lifestyle.
Eg: Therapist guess by using statement “It seems to me that...”
“Could it be that…” “This is how it appears to me…”
26. Encouragement instills self confidence by expecting
clients to assume responsibility for their lives and
embrace the fact that they can make changes
Encouragement is the most powerful method available
for changing a person’s beliefs
Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage
Discouragement is the basic condition that prevents
people from functioning
Clients are encouraged to recognize that they have
the power to choose and to act differently
27. iv) Helping with Reorientation
Putting insights into practice.
Discover new and more functional alternatives.
Clients encouraged & challenged to develop courage to
take risks & make changes in life.
Clients aware of their strengths, feel they belong and are
not alone, have sense of hope and see new possibilities
for themselves and daily living.
Encouraged to act as if they were the people they want
to be.
29. Applications of the Therapy
1. Class room management which fosters students self-discipline,
responsibility and belongingness;
2. Encouragement training which promotes self-esteem and self
acceptance;
3. Co-operation based on mutual respect and equality to prepare
students to live optimally in a democratic society;
4. The classroom as a key place for therapeutic learning (i.e.
understanding group dynamics, group guidance, structured class
meetings for problem solving, decision-making behaviour, conflict
resolution, encouragement and other related issues);
30. 5. Raising awareness of community feeling by reaching out
to others through self acceptance and an understanding
of the tasks of life:
1. the task of communal life or social relationships;
2. the task of work or contributing in a useful way;
3. the task of sex, love and intimacy;
4. the task of self or relating with oneself, and
5. the task of one's relationship to God, the universe and
for finding meaning in life (i.e. the spiritual task).
31. Contributions of the Therapy
Focus on social interest,
pursuing meaning in life,
importance of family, goal
orientation and belonging
that is congruent with many
cultures.
Focus on in-person
environment allows for
cultural factors to be
explored.
32. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are specific
types of psychological disorders
that involve unhealthy
personality traits. In this lesson,
we'll examine how psychologists
diagnose personality disorders,
including the different clusters
of disorders and behavioral
characteristics associated with
each.
33. Lily has a problem. She thinks she's better, prettier, and
smarter than everyone else. She insists that she's always
right, and if others correct her she gets very angry and
defensive. If she wants something, she'll do whatever it
takes to get it, even if others get hurt. Lily's friends think
that she might have a personality disorder, which is a
psychological disorder that involves unhealthy and rigid
patters of thinking and behavior. There are many
different types of personality disorders, all of which look
a little different.
So does Lily have a personality disorder?
To figure that out, let's pretend we’re Lily's psychologist
and look at how we can diagnose personality disorders
and what the different disorders are.
34. How to Diagnose?
To diagnose , use The Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
also called the DSM, which is the book that
psychologists use to diagnose clients with
mental illness. It's put out by the American
Psychological Association and has gone
through several different versions. The
current version is the DSM-5. So, what does
the DSM-5 tell us about personality
disorders? To diagnose someone like Jenny
with a personality disorder, they have to
meet certain criteria. This includes:
35. 1. Significant impairments in self and interpersonal functioning that are
constant over time and situations.
That is, people with personality disorders have trouble controlling
and relating to others. For example, if Jenny is willing to hurt others to get
what she wants, then she is demonstrating impairments in self and
interpersonal functioning.
2. A problem with pathological personality traits that is consistent across
time and situations.
This means that a person's personality negatively impacts their life. For
example, if Jenny is unable to succeed at school or at work because she is
always arguing or attacking people who say she's not correct, then it could
mean that she has a pathological personality trait.
Notice, that with these first two criteria, it is important that they are
across time and situations. We all have bad days, and we all have people or
situations that bring out the worst in us. For behavior to indicate a
disorder, though, the person has to behave that way regularly; most, or all of
the time.
36. . The issues are not normal for the person's age or society.
If Jenny is three years old, we'd expect that she might throw a
temper tantrum from time to time. But if she's thirty, it would be
considered odd if she regularly threw fits. Likewise, different
societies see behaviors as positive or negative, so cultural
differences should be taken into consideration.
4. The issues are not due to drugs or medication, or a medical
condition.
If Jenny's issues are because she's on a certain medication or if
acting strangely because she's had a head injury, then she likely
doesn't have a personality disorder.
37. Clusters
1.Cluster A - odd and eccentric
personality traits
2.Cluster B - dramatic, emotional,
and/or erratic personality traits
3.Cluster C - anxious and fearful
personality traits