Ranking presidents is often a popularity or name recognition contest. Let us instead rank presidents by how many lived or died because of them. This makes the worst presidents Nixon, Reagan, and Jackson, and the best presidents Lincoln, Van Buren, Carter, and Grant. Some both saved many lives and caused many deaths, like Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Obama.

1. Rank Presidents by Their Humanitarian Records
For all the gravity with which the presidency is written about, assessments of presidents are
often at least partly based on fluff more suitable for Hollywood than Washington. Among the criteria
that presidential rankings use are leadership, accomplishments, political skill, and character. Every one
of those criteria but accomplishments are extremely vague to the point where no two people could
agree on a definition. All of these qualities except character are pointedly amoral. Technically, Foreign
Minister Von Ribbentrop of the Third Reich was quite adept at political skill. For such amoral use of
skill, he was rightly hanged at Nuremberg.
Other criteria used over the years include handling of the economy, communication, ability to
compromise, foreign policy accomplishments, intelligence, imagination, family, education, and
experience. For all except the economy and foreign policy, these are qualities more suited to middle
management at a corporation than president. One looks in vain for heroic qualities, or even moral ones
or basic decency.
For the president is not a CEO. Except for managing subordinates, the business field has some
of the worst guidelines one could choose for political office. One’s ability to turn a profit for one’s self
or a company has nothing to do with running a country. The two better models would be, one, running
a charity. Does a president possess the abilities to run an organization designed to rescue people from
disaster, poverty, disease, crime, or war?
The other model one could use should be either unions or civil rights organizations. I can
already imagine many conservatives blanching at the thought. But what both outfits share are their
ability to work to unite masses of people in a cause, fairer treatment for people of a class, profession, or
ethnic group. It is no coincidence that in Europe and Latin America, union organizers are far more
often elected than in America, where the US tends to elect businessmen and lawyers. The practices
come from and result in a far more unequal society. In fact, civil rights organizers are among the few

2. American congressmen with a history of consistently putting popular concerns above elite ones.
The first ranking of presidents by historians was done in 1948 by the venerable Arthur
Schlesinger. Later surveys came from his son, Arthur Schlesinger Jr,, also quite the figure. Both men’s
personas, methods, and writing styles reflect much of the profession’s foibles. Both are or were
nominally liberal, but the most middling cautious form of liberalism possible. Ideologically, both were
or are just barely to the left of center, and in terms of approach are conservative as in very cautious.
Most rankings of presidents by historians have not gotten much better. The Chicago Tribune,
Sienna College, C-Span, the Wall Street Journal, the Federalist Society, Newsweek, and History News
Network have all done surveys of presidential historians with fairly consistent results. At the top are the
names one would expect, Washington, Lincoln, and both Roosevelts. At the second tier one finds in
almost all surveys Truman, Eisenhower, Wilson, and Reagan, usually followed by Kennedy and
Lyndon Johnson.
The two dramatic exceptions to these results, not surprisingly, are the Wall Street Journal and
Federalist Society. As one would expect from institutions speaking for financial elites or their disciples,
they gave higher ratings to Reagan and even GW Bush. Their most ludicrous result was GW Bush rated
as the sixth greatest president of all time.
Public opinion surveys are not far different from historians. The reasoning, though, is likely
different. Washington will always be near the top of the rankings, despite most Americans being unable
to tell you anything he did as president beyond being the first one. Public opinions of presidents are
largely recognition tests, the most famous ones plus the most recent.

3. What I propose to do instead is judge presidents by the most nonpartisan and reliable standard:
who did the most harm and/or good to the greatest number of people, measured especially by the
number of deaths they either caused or avoided, along with their intent. Judge presidents by their
humanitarian record above all else, and everything as secondary, largely irrelevant.
Judging the good that an individual does is far more difficult than weighing their evil or injury.
For presidents, one must judge such amorphous measures as how they led or at least worked with
public reform movements, how many were helped or harmed by a legislative measure and just how
much did that president play a role in its being passed, how issues of war and peace were carried out,
and how much attention they devoted to being farsighted on issues that with 20/20 hindsight now seem
so important.
Judging harm can be hazy as well. Judging outright evil is far easier. The most obvious evil is
how many innocents died, or to be more blunt and less euphemistic, how many were killed or even
murdered or massacred because of presidential orders. Those historians, journalists, commentators,
activists, or politicians who insist on judging a president on such sideshow pablum and superficiality as
“inspiring confidence, “leadership,” or “presidential caliber” are frankly not much better than celebrity
tabloid writers.
Such cheerleaders for the presidency have become far too enamored of their subjects. Like a
celebrity journalist, an author who judges a president for how they made the general public feel
deserves little credibility. Ones who make excuses for, again, actions that must be rightly labeled evil,
based so on the party or ideology of a president, deserve to be called party hacks and hypocrites. If two
presidents of opposite party or belief carry out the same evil, they are both evil. One cannot in good
conscience be an apologist for great evil, or even “minor” evil. For American presidents do commit evil
all the time. If one knows anything in depth about American history one cannot deny that, and only the
most willfully blind shall.

4. But I am hesitant to simply rank by the greatest number of deaths and thus place a great deal of
weight based on intent. Simply adding up deaths has the danger to turn any study into a simple minded
obscene beauty contest in reverse. Nixon and Jackson both played a role in genocides, Nixon against
Cambodians and Jackson against the Five Tribes. Nixon's victims numbered many times more. But if
your ancestor was one of the victims, the trauma is no less.
Obviously malice matters more than neglect, and neglect in turn more than incompetence. Intent
matters above all. Even more difficult is weighing a president guilty of horrific crimes, yet sometimes
doing good. There should be a separate category for such men.
Compare the best presidents as routinely ranked by presidential scholars: Washington, Lincoln,
Franklin Roosevelt, Teddy Roosevelt, Truman, Eisenhower, Wilson, Reagan, Kennedy, Lyndon
Johnson. Sometimes Jackson and Polk make the top ten.
The worst ranked by scholars' polls, with worst at the start: Harding, Buchanan, Andrew
Johnson, Pierce, GW Bush, Fillmore, Grant, Taylor, Harrison, and Tyler.
Looking at sheer numbers of deaths, I say that clearly the worst presidents have to be expanded
to twelve. Numbers are only part of the reason for my rankings. Genocide definitely means one should
be ranked among the very worst. This is followed by; making genocide possible or ignoring genocide;
atomic, biological, or chemical warfare; partial responsibility for mass deaths; and finally deaths by
incompetence or ideological blindness. Not having mitigating factors of humanitarian accomplishments
also affects rankings. Uncertain factors are also listed.
The Worst President: Richard Nixon
The US-directed Cambodian genocide, leading to the Khmer Rouge genocide.
The latter half of the Phoenix Program of mass torture.
Overthrow of the Chilean government.
Chemical warfare by Agent Orange and napalm in the US-Vietnam War.

5. Ignored Bengali genocide.
Kurdish rebels killed by Nixon's betrayal.
Mass deaths in Operation Condor.
Mass deaths by ideological blindness in the US-Vietnam War.
Pardoning mass murderer Lt. Calley.
Mitigated by: Disarmament treaties with the USSR, biological and chemical weapons ban., trade with
China, continuing anti-poverty programs begun by Johnson.
Second Worst: Ronald Reagan
Mass deaths by collaborating with genocide in Guatemala, US sponsored terrorism in Nicaragua,
supporting repression in El Salvador and Honduras, US bombing El Salvador, and invasion of Grenada.
Chemical warfare, Plan Colombia spraying of herbicide glyphosate.
Selling biological weapons material to Saddam Hussein.
Mitigated by: Alzheimer's last two years in office.
Third Worst: Andrew Jackson
Genocide against the Five Tribes. Slave trader.
Fourth Worst: James Buchanan
Ignored California Indian genocide. Incompetence worsening the Civil War.
Fifth Worst: James Polk
Making California Indian genocide possible. Provoking the US-Mexico War. Expanded slavery and
partly contributed to eventual Civil War. Slave trader.

6. Sixth Worst: Millard Fillmore
Ignored California Indian genocide. Being a presidential candidate for Know Nothing terrorism.
Seventh Worst: Bill Clinton
Ignored Rwandan genocide. Even Clinton admits 300,000 could have been saved.
Incompetence in Somalia invasion and Branch Davidian standoff.
Mitigated by: Delayed North Korean development of the A-bomb.
Intervention, though late, to stop atrocities in Bosnia.
Peace process ending terrorism in Northern Ireland.
Eighth Worst: Gerald Ford
Ignored in genocide in East Timor.
Continuing Operation Condor begun by Nixon.
Mitigated by: Continuing arms control begun by Nixon.
Ninth Worst: Harry Truman
Atomic warfare targeting Japanese civilians.
Chemical warfare by napalm in the Korean War.
Targeting civilians during World War II.
Atomic bomb testing on Pacific Islanders.
Many argue Truman largely started the Cold War. His responsibility is shared with many.
Mitigated by: Desegregating the military, recognizing Israel.
Tenth Worst: William McKinley
War of aggression against Filipinos, failure to stop atrocities.

7. Seizure of Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Samoa.
Eleventh Worst: GW Bush
Deaths by torture.
Chemical warfare, herbicide in Plan Colombia.
Mass deaths by incompetence and ideological blindness in the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars.
Mass deaths in Hurricane Katrina, mostly preventable.
Blocking chemical warfare treaty and nuclear free zone in the Mideast.
Mitigated by: Actions on AIDS in Africa.
Twelfth Worst: Andrew Johnson
Blocked law enforcement against most of 50,000 murders by racist terrorists during Reconstruction.
Pardoned former Confederates.
Dishonorable Mentions for Other Presidents:
Teddy Roosevelt-Invasions of multiple Latin American nations.
Forced Americanization program against Puerto Ricans.
Woodrow Wilson-Chemical warfare, mustard and phosgene gas in World War I.
Deaths from internment of German-Americans and dissidents.
Invasions of multiple Latin American nations.
Forced American citizenship upon Puerto Ricans.
Dwight Eisenhower- Atomic bomb testing on Pacific Islanders.
Overthrows of governments in Latin America and the Mideast.
The best presidents actually have to be limited to four at most. For all presidents listed as best,

8. the number of lives saved must greatly outweigh any failures that led to preventable deaths.
The Best President: Abraham Lincoln
Emancipation of Black slaves and American Indian slaves in California.
Slaves had a child mortality rate double that of free people. Ending slavery saved many children.
Defeating the Confederacy prevented their planned conquests of the Dominican Republic, parts of
Mexico, and Spanish colonies, and future wars against the US.
First treaty banning chemical warfare.
Pardons in the Dakota War prevented 263 Dakota deaths.
Mitigated by: 38 Dakota who were still executed.
Failing to stop the Long Walk against the Navajos.
Second Best: Martin Van Buren
Delayed California Indian genocide.
Avoiding war with Britain and Mexico:
Mitigated by: Continuing Third Seminole War.
The Trail of Tears, though planned and put into place by Jackson, was carried out by Van Buren.
Third Best: Jimmy Carter
Camp Davis Accords prevented future Mideast wars.
Human rights policy saved dissidents and helped end dictatorships and the Cold War sooner.
Cubans and Soviet Jews rescued from Communism.
Continuing arms control begun by Nixon.
Mitigated by: Not applying human rights policies to Cambodia, or Indonesia in East Timor.
Arming Mujaheddin who later became Al Qaeda.

9. Fourth Best: Ulysses Grant
Peace Policy reduced battles between US Army and Natives by four fifths and ended extermination of
Natives as US government practice.
Ended KKK violence in Georgia and South Carolina.
Mitigated by: Not defending Blacks during Reconstruction consistently.
Pardoned Confederates.
Those with a mixed legacy, both saving and causing many deaths, are grouped chronologically
and not ranked. The biggest reason otherwise good presidents committed great harm was by following
the advice of military experts.
Thomas Jefferson
Ignored genocide in Haiti.
Banned the US international slave trade.
Avoided wars with Britain and France.
Franklin Roosevelt
Japanese-American and Aleut deaths during internment.
Targeting German and Japanese civilians.
Failure to save lives during the Holocaust. Perhaps one tenth could have been saved.
Repression in Puerto Rico, including massacres, where FDR failed to fire those responsible.
Programs to build atomic, biological, and chemical weapons.
New Deal and Social Security saved lives by greatly limiting poverty.
Defeating fascism in World War II prevented deaths from further genocide, repression, and wars.

10. Good Neighbor Policy prevented invasions.
Lyndon Johnson
Chemical warfare by Agent Orange and napalm in the US-Vietnam War.
The first half of the Phoenix Program of mass torture.
Invasion of the Dominican Republic.
Mass deaths by ideological blindness in the US-Vietnam War.
War on Poverty saved many lives by reducing poverty rates.
Partly responsible for civil rights laws.
George Bush Sr.
Wars of aggression against Iraq and Panama.
Pardoned terrorist Orlando Bosch.
Rescued Kurds in Operation Restore Hope I and II.
Barack Obama
Mass deaths by drone assassinations.
National healthcare system saving many from preventable deaths.
Partly responsible for ending the Second Iraq War and Afghanistan War.
Ending chemical warfare in Colombia.
Arms control agreements.
Partly responsible for ending Libyan and Syrian biochemical weapons programs.
Partly ending racist drug sentencing.
That five presidents carried out both heinous and humane actions in our history says much

11. about the power of the office, that neglect, carelessness, or lack of reflection can cause mass deaths as
much as evil intent. That in part is what this kind of ranking is designed to impart and get the reader to
think about rather than simple cheering for the presidency, American power, or one's own party, or
belief.
You may agree or disagree with my rankings, and substitute your own. But hopefully more
scholars and more of the public will rank as I have, based on moral judgment or humanitarian longing,
rather than on partisanship, ideological affinity, or what they think makes American presidencies look
good or Americans feel good about themselves. Hopefully we as scholars should teach such critical
thinking rather than the rote hero worship that most Americans left behind before they finished middle
school.
------
Al Carroll is Assistant Professor of History at Northern Virginia Community College, a former
Fulbright Scholar, and the author of Presidents' Body Counts:The Twelve Worst and Four Best
American Presidents Based on How Many Lived or Died Because of Their Actions, available on
Kindle, Lulu, and Smashwords.
More information on him is at http://alcarroll.com.