1. BIOCHIPS
AJITH
S7 EC-B
ROLL NO:O2

2. • INTRODUCTION
CONTENTS
• DEFINITION
• STRUCTURE AND BASIC WORKING
• DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING
• DNA BIO CHIPS
• ADVANTAGES
• DISADVANTAGES
• FUTURE
• CONCLUSION
• REFERANCE

3. INTRODUCTION
• Identifies us uniquely
• Can be used to track our location
• Size- uncooked grain of rice
• Injected under the skin using syringe
• Respond to signal from detector
• Daniel Man holds the patent for a chip that
can be tracked by satellite

4. DEFINITION
• Collection of micro arrays arranged on a solid
substrate
• Can perform millions of mathematical operations
• Can perform thousands of biological operations
• Human Genome Project
• Increased speed of identification of genes
• Also used in toxicological, protein & biochemical
research
• Motorola, Hitachi, IBM, Texas Instruments

5. STRUCTURE
• Two parts- Transponder & Reader or Scanner
 Transponder :

6. Cont…
• Actual biochip implant
• Uses RFID system
• Two types- Active & Passive
• Not harmful to human body
• Four parts- Microchip, Antenna coil,
Capacitor & Glass capsule

7. Cont…
 Microchips:
• Stores unique identification number, 10-15
digit.
• AVID stores 70 trillion unique numbers.
• ID number etched to surface.
• Cannot be altered.
• Electronic circuitry transmit ID number to
reader.

8. Cont…
 Antenna coil:
• Copper around ferrite or iron core.
• Simple, tiny, primitive.
• Receives and sends signals from the reader
or scanner.
 Tuning capacitor:
• Stores small electrical charges(< 1/1000 of a
watt)
• Tuned to same frequency as reader.

9. Cont…
 Glass capsule:
• Houses all components
• Made of biocompatible material
• Polypropylene sheath
• Injected using hypodermic syringe

10. Cont…
 Reader:
• Exciter coil provides energy to
activate chip
• Receiving coil receives data
• Decodes the data
• Displayed in LCD
• All done in milliseconds

11. Basic Working
• Generates low power electromagnetic field
• Enables biochip
• Receiver amplifies code
• Data displayed

12. DEVELOPMENT AND WORKING
 Oxy sensors:
• Size of a button
• Monitor breathing inside ICU
• Sends light pulse into body to
detect oxygen
• Act as a pulse monitor
• Application range from sick children to
chemotherapy patients

13. Cont…
 Brain On-Off switch:
• Activa implant –
Medtronics Inc., US
• Turns off brain signals
• Uses high frequency eletric pulses
• Primarily interfere with abberrant
brain functions

14. Cont…
 Adding sound to life:
• Cochlear implant
• Electrical pulses directly
to nerve cell
• Mimics the job of hair cell
• Splits incoming noises
to channels
• Clarion & Nucleus

15. Cont…
 Experiments with lost sight:
• Joseph Rizzo , John Wyatt (Massachusetts)
• 20 electrode 1 mm sq chips- mimics
photoreceptors
• First on rabbit
• Final setup- pair of glass with camera detect
& encode
• Send as laser pulse

16. Cont…
• Eugene de Jaun-
Hoplkins Wilmer Eye Inst.
• Inserted electrodes
• Completely blind saw
well defined flashes.
• Latest- implanted at
surface or retina

17. DNA BIOCHIPS
• Tuan Vo-Dinh- at DOE of ORNL
• Gene probe based
• Matched box sized
• Less blood, no sacrifice on accuracy
• No radioactive labels
• Reduces disposal cost
• Distinguish b/w bacteria, virus, chemical or
biological species

18. ADVANTAGES
• Small in size
• Faster & powerful
• Detect multiple viral agents in parallel
• Aids deaf, dumb, blind
• Stores personnal data
• Ease of use
• Human tracking etc..

19. DISADVANTAGES
• Loss of privacy
• End of human freedom and dignity
• Expensive
• Cannot be fabricated at high density and
mass

20. FUTURE
• Widely established in veterinary field
• In the case of humans future lies in the hand
of users

21. CONCLUSION
• Developing
• Have advantages and disadvantages
• Future is unpredictable

22. REFERANCE
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumb
er=4129415
• Herold, KE; Rasooly, A (editor) (2009). Lab-on-a-Chip
Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics. Caister
Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-46-2.
• Fan et al. (2009). "Two-Dimensional
Electrophoresis in a Chip". Lab-on-a-Chip
Technology: Biomolecular Separation and
Analysis. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-
904455-47-9.

23. QUESTIONS?...

24. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION…