report

1. Laser

2. Laser Resurfacing
DR. KRIS REDDY, WEST PALM BEACH PLASTIC SURGEON,
UTILIZES LASER RESURFACING TO ADDRESS:
*WRINKLES
*EPIDERMAL NEVI
*ACNE SCARS
*SOLAR LENTIGINES
*ACTINIC KERATOSIS
*HYPERTROPHIC SCARS
*SURGICAL SCARS

3. Three Laser Resurfacing Techniques
DR. KRIS REDDY HAS THREE LASER RESURFACING TECHNIQUES:
*ERBIUM LASER RESURFACING
*PROFRACTIONAL (FRACTIONAL ABLATIVE SKIN RESURFACING)
*FRAXEL

4. Laser Resurfacing
MOST POPULAR AREAS FOR LASER RESURFACING TO TREAT:
*FACE
*NECK
*CHEST
*HANDS

5. Profractional Modalities
PROFRACTIONAL (FRACTIONAL ABLATIVE SKIN RESURFACING)
IS A SINGLE TREATMENT PROCEDURE OFFERING THREE
MODALITIES: SHORT PULSE FOR MORE ABLATION, LONG PULSE
FOR ADJUSTABLE THERMAL DAMAGE, AND A DUAL PULSE FOR A
COMBINATION OF BOTH.

6. Profractional: How does it Work
FRACTIONAL ABLATIVE SKIN RESURFACING ALLOWS CONTROL OF
DEPTH AND THE LEVEL OF HEATING AROUND THE MICROBEAM
COLUMNS. WITH A SINGLE TREATMENT, DR. KRIS REDDY, WEST
PALM BEACH PLASTIC SURGEON, CAN PERFORM A TWO-DAY
DOWNTIME PROCEDURE OR A DEEPER TREATMENT.
THE PROCEDURE IS EFFICIENT AT REMOVING DAMAGED SKIN.
UNIQUE MICRO-FRACTIONAL TECHNOLOGY PRESERVES PORTIONS
OF HEALTHY TISSUE SURROUNDING THE TREATMENT ZONE,
FOSTERING TISSUE REGROWTH AND LOWER PATIENT DOWNTIME,
WITH SIGNIFICANTLY LESS PAIN THAN TRADITIONAL ABLATIVE
LASER PROCEDURES.

7. Profractional and Fraxel: Conditions Treated
AREAS FOR PROFRACTIONAL TO TREAT:
*TEXTURE AND TONE OF THE SKIN
*ACNE SCARS
*FACIAL LINES
*SUN DAMAGED SKIN (E.G. BROWN SPOTS)

8. Profractional: Treatment Regimen
PROFRACTIONAL LASER IS A DEEPER LASER (ALTHOUGH NOT AS
AGGRESSIVE AS ERBIUM LASER RESURFACING) AND YOU WILL
HAVE SOME DOWNTIME FOR APPROXIMATELY 2-3 DAYS WHILE
YOU HEAL. PROFRACTIONAL LASER PROVIDES SIGNIFICANT
IMPROVEMENT AFTER ONE TREATMENT. HOWEVER, IT MAY NEED
TO BE REPEATED TO ADDRESS DEEPER ACNE SCARS OR
WRINKLES.

9. Fraxel: Treatment Regimen
FRAXEL LASER USUALLY DERIVES ITS BENEFITS OVER THE
COURSE OF 5 TO 6 TREATMENTS SPACED ONE MONTH APART. IT
IS A MORE SUPERFICIAL LASER THAN PROFRACTIONAL, AND
GENERALLY CREATES REDNESS SIMILAR TO A BAD SUNBURN
AFTER EACH TREATMENT. THIS REDNESS SUBSIDES OVER 1
WEEK, BUT DOES NOT REQUIRE DOWNTIME.

10. WHAT IS A LASER?
A Laser is a device that produces a narrow beam of coherent
light. The word laser comes from a phrase that describes how
it works: light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation. Light amplification means that the light is
strengthened. Stimulated emission means that the atoms
emit light when exposed to electromagnetic radiation.

11. Laser
can be
used for
hair not
to grow
HOW CAN LASER LIGHT BE USED

12. HOW DOES A LASER PRODUCE LASER
LIGHT?
•A helium-neon laser is shown at the bottom of the slide.
•The laser tube contains a mixture of helium and neon gases.
•An electric current causes this gas mixture to emit photons.
•You may recall that a photon is a packet of light energy.
•The mirrors at both ends of the tube reflect the photons back and forth.
• As a photon travels back and forth, it may bump into a neon particle. This causes the neon
particle to emit a photon with the same energy as the one that caused the collision.
•Then the two photons travel together in step with one another.
•This process continues until there is a stream of in-step photons traveling up and down the
tube.
•Some of the light “leaks” through the partially reflecting mirror.
•This light is the laser beam.

13. HOW IS LASER LIGHT DIFFERENT AND STRONGER THAN REGULAR WHITE
LIGHT?
Laser light is very coherent. This means that the waves
leaving the laser remain in phase for a very long time. Light
from a flashlight is not coherent. As a result, a laser can
project a distinct beam of light much farther than a
flashlight.
Laser light is almost monochromatic. Because it is created by
exciting a specific substance to emit photons, the light emitted
by the source is almost all one specific wavelength. The light
from a flashlight contains all of the colors in the spectrum,
forming "white light".
Laser light is directional. This means that the
beam of light being emitted does not spread
much with distance. Hence it can still appear
as a point of light many meters away from
the source. A flashlight beam will quickly
spread the further it is viewed from the
source.

15. IS LASER LIGHT DANGEROUS
•A laser is "concentrated light" in that its light of pretty much one
frequency and focused in a tight beam.
•And if this light is directed into someone's eyes, damage to the retina can
result.
•In higher power lasers, we find applications where they can inscribe
diamonds or cut all kinds of things, including metal.
• If a laser beam can cut through a thick metal plate, it can cut through
flesh with ease.
•A laser this powerful could take off a limb.
•Directed at the eye, it would destroy the eye in an instant.
•Spaces where lasers are being used require that warning signs be posted
and that individuals working there wear appropriate eye protection.
•Divergence from safety procedures can result in serious injury.

16. HOW CAN WE PROTECT OUR EYES FROM LASER LIGHT?
•wearing laser safety glasses or goggles can protect the eyes from the risks that lasers pose.
•These laser safety glasses and goggles provide protection from reflected laser light and direct beam
exposure.
•It is recommended that you find out the class of the laser you are working with as well as the appropriate
wavelength range to ensure the best possible protection.
•We can’t emphasize enough how important it is to protect your eyes and yourself from the harmful effects
of laser radiation.
•Remember, the damage done to the eyes from laser radiation exposure can be permanent!

17. (B).LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE
- Kutsch in 1992,illuminated carious & non carious tissue
with argon laser along with dark field photography.
- He reported that while illuminating, carious lesion
has clinical appearance of dark,fiery,orange-red
colour.

18. CARIES DETECTION

19. CAVITY PREPARATION WITH LASER
- NUMBER OF STUDIES HAVE BEEN PERFORMED FOR THE
USE OF Er:yag LASER FOR CAVITY PREPARATION.
- Results of studies says that little or no noticeable pulp
reaction is produced while preparing the cavity with
Er:yag laser.
- It is safe & can be used for cavity preparation.

20. CAVITY PREPARATION
WITH LASERS

21. Thermal energy absorption by
tissues
Water vapourisation & ablation
Carious lesions have more water
content & hence greater effect.

22.  A.)minimises patient fear of the drill.
 B.)no irritating sound like traditional drills.
 C.)the cavity with laser preparation appears
open,patent,fresh & devoid of all debris.
 D.)mono-infection with Enterococcus faecalis is
avoided - hence sterile cavity.
 E.)melts the dentin & blocks the tubules,thus
hydrodynamic theory of dentin sensitivity is
ruled out.

23. PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES WITH
LASERS
Laser can be used for prevention of dental caries.
Different types of lasers increases the resistance to dental
caries by reducing the rate of demineralization of substance
of enamel & dentin.
Argon laser alters the surface characteristics of enamel to
make it caries resistant.
-
-
-
-

24.  MECHANISM OF ACTION
Carbonate is lost from carbonated appetite mineral of
tooth during laser irradiation
Pulsed co2 laser irradiation interacts with the
phosphate group in dental materials
It gets preferentially absorbed & transformed
efficiently to heat
Carbonated hydroxyapetite in the surface & in the
immediate subsurface of enamel is heated at temp.
greater than 400`c
Carbonate is decomposed, leaving behind the a
hydroxyapetite like mineral that is less soluble

25. BLEACHING WITH LASERS
- Power bleaching is the term used for accelerated
in-office tooth whitening procedures, using laser or
Xenon plasma arc-curing light.
(A). ARGON LASER
- A true laser light is delivered to chemical agent.
- The action is to stimulate crystals in the chemical.
- No thermal effect, so less dehydration of enamel.
- The treatment time is 10sec. per application per tooth.
It is the advantageous for clinician & patient.

26. (B). DIODE LASER
- A true laser light produced from a solid state
source.
- It is ultra fast, taking 3 to 5 sec. to activate
bleaching agent.
- This type of lasers produce no heat.

27. PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF COMPOSITE RESIN
WITH LASER
- ARGON LASERS ARE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.
- FOR POLYMERIZATION OF CAMPHORQUINONE
ACTIVATED COMPOSITE RESIN,THE ARGON LASER
INCREASES;
~ THE DEPTH OF CURE
~ THE DIAMETRIC TENSILE STRENGTH
~ ADHESIVE BOND STRENGTH
~ DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION OF
MATERIELS.

28. REDUCES;
~ Acid solubility of surrounding enamel
Decreases the time of activation
Significantly.

29. (1).Minimal damage to surrounding tissues.
(2).Haemostatic effect by sealing blood vessels.
(3).Reduction of postoperative inflammation &
edema.
(4).Little postoperative scarring.

30. (5).Reduction in postoperative pain sensation
since nerve endings are blocked.
(6).Dressing & suturing is not required for
wound closer.
(7).Operating time is reduced.
(8).Sterilization of wound due to reduction in
in amount of microorg. exposed to laser
irradiation.
(10).Excellent wound healing.
(11).Laser exposure to tooth enamel causes
reduction in caries activity.

31. (12).Patient becomes free
of fear & anxiety.
(13).Advantageous for
medically compromised
patients,since no
medication is required
like antibiotics or pain-killers.

32. DISADVANTAGES OF LASERS
(1).Laser beam could injure the patient or operator
By direct beam or reflected light, causing retinal
burns.

33. (2).It available only at
big hospital &
treatment is
very expensive.
(3).Specially trained
person is needed.

34. APPLICATION OF LASER
 Many scientific, military, medical and
commercial laser applications have
been developed since the invention
of the laser in 1958. The coherency,
high monochromaticity, and ability
to reach extremely high powers are
all properties which allow for these
specialized applications.

35. SCIENTIFIC
 In science, lasers are used in many ways,
including:
 A wide variety
of interferometric techniques
 Raman spectroscopy
 Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
 Atmospheric remote sensing
 Investigating nonlinear
optics phenomena

36.  Holographic techniques employing
lasers also contribute to a number of
measurement techniques.
 Laser based LIght Detection And
Ranging (LIDAR) technology has
application in geology, seismology,
remote sensing and atmospheric
physics.
 Lasers have been used aboard
spacecraft such as in the Cassini-
Huygens mission.

37.  In astronomy, lasers have been used to create
artificial laser guide stars, used as reference
objects for adaptive optics telescopes.
 Lasers may also be indirectly used in
spectroscopy as a micro-sampling system, a
technique termed Laser ablation (LA), which is
typically applied to ICP-MS apparatus resulting
in the powerful LA-ICP-MS.
 The principles of laser spectroscopy are
discussed by Demtröder and the use of tunable
lasers in spectroscopy are described in Tunable
Laser Applications. ).

38. DOPPLER EFFECT
DOPPLER SHIFT
RED SHIFT BLUE SHIFT
COSMOLOGICAL GRAVITATIONAL
Definition:- There is an apparent change in
frequency of the sound waves emitted from the
source, when there is a relative motion between
the source and the observer. This effect is called
Doppler effect and the shift in frequency is called as
doppler shift.

39. LASER COOLING
 The use of Lasers to
achieve extremely low
temperatures has
advanced to the
temperatures of 10e-9 K.
 These laser cooling can
be used for transmitting
power without any loss
from power station to sub
station without the help
of power transformers.

40. COMMUNICATION
 AT PRESENT
The speed of the
communication is high,
But still the
communication with the
outer world is still lagging.
 IN FUTURE
Using LASER the
communication to other
galaxy is possible.

41. COMPUTING SPEEDS  At present the computing speed ranges from 256 kilobits
per
second to 1 gigabit per second, which is slow for the
present
world.
 The ability to achieve a speed of 25 gigabits per second
can be done with the use of laser chips.
 Lasers are already used to transmit high volumes
of computer data over longer distances — for
example, between offices, cities and across
oceans — using fibre-optic cables. In computer
chips, data moves at great speed over the wires
inside, then slows when it is sent chip-to-chip
inside a computer.

42. MILITARY DEFENCE
1. Find Target
An infrared camera on the laser continuously
scans a 6 to 10-mile radius around the airport
for suspicious heat emissions. When it finds a
plume, it relays the coordinates to an
identification and tracking system, which is
also on the unit.
2. Confirm Threat
The onboard computer checks the object’s heat
signature against a data bank, confirms that it’s
a missile (and not a bird or a plane), and
activates the laser.
3. Prepare to Fire
Reactive gases in the laser’s fuel tanks are
funneled through a vacuum tube to heat up
atoms and send them cascading through
resonator mirrors. This produces a tightly
focused, high-energy beam.
4. Destroy Missile
The laser-beam cannon emits a burst of
intense light aimed at the missile’s most
vulnerable spot, usually the explosives
compartment. Simultaneously, it sends a signal
to airport control tower to give authorities a fix
on the origin of the rocket.

43. MILITARY
 Military uses of lasers include
applications such as target
designation and ranging,
defensive countermeasures,
communications and directed
energy weapons.

44. METEOROIDS ATTACKS
 The concept which was used for
military defence can be used to
destroy the meteoroids coming
towards earth.
 These incoming meteoroids can
be shattered into pieces, thus
saving our earth from any major
destruction.
 A group of strong laser beams
are focused together to the
target and the target is
shattered off.

45. LASER IN AUTOMOBILES
 We are proposing our own idea for the use of laser
light in automobiles. All automobiles have ball
bearings in there wheels, these bearings wear off
while use and this may cause accidents. To
prevent these accidents we use a laser beam to
detect the position of the shaft in the wheels, on
one end there will be a laser and the other end a
sensor is kept, when the ball bearing malfunctions
the shaft position is moved from the original
position, now the sensor is activated. This sensed
signal is sent to the user. Now the user should
take necessary actions to prevent accidents due to
a ball bearing.

46. MATERIAL PROCESSING
 Laser cutting, laser welding,
laser brazing, laser bending,
laser engraving or marking,
laser cleaning, weapons etc.
When the material is exposed to
laser it produces intense heat,
thus the material is heated and
melted.

47. LASER COOLING
 A technique that has recent success is laser cooling.
This involves atom trapping, a method where a
number of atoms are confined in a specially shaped
arrangement of electric and magnetic fields.
Shining particular wavelengths of laser light at the
ions or atoms slows them down, thus cooling them.
As this process is continued, they all are slowed
and have the same energy level, forming an
unusual arrangement of matter known as a Bose-
Einstein condensate.

48. MEDICAL
 Cosmetic surgery (removing tattoos, scars,
stretch marks, sunspots, wrinkles, birthmarks,
and hairs): see laser hair removal. Laser types
used
indermatology include ruby (694 nm), alexandrite
(755 nm), pulsed diode array (810 nm), Nd:YAG
(1064 nm), Ho:YAG (2090 nm), and Er:YAG
(2940 nm).
 Eye surgery and refractive surgery

49.  Soft tissue surgery:CO2, Er:YAG laser
 Laser scalpel (General surgery, gynecological,
urology, laparoscopic)
 Photobiomodulation (i.e. laser therapy)
 "No-Touch" removal of tumors, especially of the
brain and spinal cord.
 In dentistry for caries removal, endodontic/periodontic
procedures, tooth whitening, and oral surgery

50. CURIOSITY USING ITS ‘LASER
DEVICE ‘ IN ITS MISSION

51. OTHER APPLICATIONS
 Cutting and peening of metals and other
material, welding, marking, etc.
 Laser drilling
 Guidance systems (e.g., ring laser gyroscopes)
 Rangefinder / surveying,
 LIDAR / pollution monitoring,
 Laser cladding, a surface engineering process applied to
mechanical components for reconditioning, repair work
or hardfacing
 Laser accelerometers

52. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL

53. LASERS USED FOR VISUAL EFFECTS DURING
A MUSICAL PERFORMANCE. (A

54.  Laser line levels are used in surveying and construction. Lasers are also used
for guidance for aircraft.
 Extensively in both consumer and industrial imaging equipment.
 In laser printers: gas and diode lasers play a key role in manufacturing high
resolution printing plates and in image scanning equipment.
 Diode lasers are used as a lightswitch in industry, with a laser beam and a receiver
which will switch on or off when the beam is interrupted, and because a laser can
keep the light intensity over larger distances than a normal light, and is more
precise than a normal light it can be used for product detection in automated
production.
 Laser alignment
 Additive manufacturing
 In consumer electronics, telecommunications, and data communications, lasers
are used as the transmitters in optical communications over optical fiber and free
space.
 To store and retrieve data in optical discs
 Laser lighting displays (pictured) accompany many music concerts.

55. Digital minilabs
Barcode readers
Laser engraving of printing plate
Laser bonding of additive marking materials for
decoration and identification,
LASER POINTERS:

56.  Holography
 Bubblegrams
 Photolithography
 Optical communications (over optical fiber or
in free space)
 Optical tweezers
 Writing subtitles onto motion picture films.[18]
 Space elevator, a possible solution transfer energy
to the climbers by laser or microwave power
beaming
 3D laser scanners for accurate 3D measurement.