The document summarizes key concepts about cell reproduction and inheritance. It discusses how DNA is duplicated and condensed into chromosomes, the phases of the cell cycle including interphase and mitosis, what cancer is and how it relates to the cell cycle, the process of mitosis and how it results in identical daughter cells, and the process of meiosis which reduces the chromosome number and allows for genetic variation in sex cells. It provides diagrams to illustrate these concepts.

1. Chapter 8
Cell Reproduction and Inheritance
Duplicating Genetic Information
The Cell Cycle
Cancer and the Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
When Cell Division is not perfect

2. Duplicating Genetic Information
Information about you is in the sequence of
nucleotides in the DNA molecule
In each of your cells, there is about 2 meters of DNA
per nucleus
How does the DNA condense into such as small area?
DNA
histones
chromatin

3. Duplicating Genetic Information
Chromatin can condense into a chromosome
Telomere
Centromere
Telomere

5. Duplicating Genetic Information
Humans have 46 chromosomes
Chromosomes are characterized by
length
Position of the centromere
Banding pattern

6. Duplicating Genetic Information
So humans have 46 chromosomes
with 23 pairs.
You can see stained chromosomes and
these can be arranged in pairs.
The picture of arranged chromosomes is
called a karyotype.

7. Duplicating Genetic Information

8. Duplicating Genetic Information

9. Duplicating Genetic Information

10. Duplicating Genetic Information

11. Humans
Have 46 Chromosomes
23 pairs
2n = 46
2 is the number of copies of each chromosome
n = the number of different chromosomes
46 is the total number of chromosomes in the
cell

12. Let’s Try Some!
2n = 8
3n = 15
4n = 8

13. The Cell Cycle
The Cell Cycle
Phases include:
1. Interphase – Preparation phases for mitosis
2. Mitosis – Cell division or splitting
Interphase
1. G1 (Growth)
2. S
3. G2 (Growth)

14. The Cell Cycle

15. Cancer and the Cell Cycle

16. Cancer and the Cell Cycle
A cancer cell has unregulated cell growth
Often, the cell cycle checkpoints do not exist.
What is cancer?
Can you catch cancer?
What are the treatments for cancer?
What should I look for?
http://www.cancer.org/
1- 800 – 4 CANCER

17. Why Mitosis
Growth and Repair
Products are identical copies

29. Meiosis – a process that reduces the chromosome
number in such a way that the daughter nuclei only
receive one member of each homologous pair of
chromosomes. Think of it as a double mitotic
division with only a single S phase
Phases of meiosis
1. Prophase I
6. Prophase II
2. Metaphase I
7. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase I
8. Anaphase II
4. Telophase I
9. Telophase II
5. Interkinesis

42. Prophase I
Crossing over of non-sister chromatids
During prophase I, non-sister chromatids can
undergo synapsis, in which the chromatids line up
side-by-side & exchange genetic information
between them
This allows new combination of genetic material
which will become part of a new offspring

47. Prophase I & Metaphase I
Independent assortment
As the chromosomes are pushed around during
prophase I, eventually lining up along the metaphase
plate during metaphase I, their orientation is
different from that of mitosis metaphase
Instead of lining one on top of the other, the
replicated chromosomes line up side by side
according to their homologous characterstics

50. Meiosis I
Mitosis
Prophase I
Prophase
Pairing of chromosomes
No pairing
Metaphase I
Homologous chromosomes at
Metaphase plate
Metaphase
Duplicated chromosomes at
metaphase plate
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate, becoming
Daughter chromosomes
Telophase I
Telophase
Daughter cells are haploid
Daughter cells are diploid

51. Meiosis II
Mitosis
Prophase II
Prophase
No pairing of chromosomes
No pairing
Metaphase II
Metaphase
Haploid # of chromosomes at metaphase
chromosomes at plate
Diploid # of duplicated
metaphase plate
Anaphase II
Sister chromatids separate, becoming
daughter chromosomes
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate, becoming
daughter chromosomes
Telophase I
Telophase
4 haploid daughter cells
Daughter cells are diploid