2. PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Definitions .
- Polymerase Chain Reaction History .
- Advantages & disadvantages .
- Types of PCR :
- Quantitative PCR ( Real Time-PCR ).
- Reverse Transcriptase-PCR .
- Less Common .
- Polymerase Chain Reaction Principle .
- Applications of PCR .
- PCR Technologies Bright Future .
- Bibliography .
3. PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Definitions
is a Molecular Biochemical technology, Used to Amplify a single piece
of DNA, By a series of Heating and Cooling cycles , generating millions
of copies of a particular DNA sequence In Vitro .
- DNA template : contains the DNA region (target) to be amplified .
- DNA primers : complementary to the 3' (three prime) ends of each of
the sense and anti-sense strand of the DNA target .
4. - DNA polymerase : Heat-Stabile polymerase , Synthesize the New DNA .
- Nucleotides: the building-blocks of DNA from which the DNA polymerase
synthesizes a new DNA strand.
PCR
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Definitions
5. - PCR was invented in the 1984 as a way to make numerous
copies of DNA fragments in the laboratory.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
History
- The in vitro version of DNA Replication .
“ Beginning with a single molecule of the genetic material DNA,
the PCR can generate 100 billion similar molecules in an
afternoon ! “
7. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Advantages Vs. Disadvantages
* PCR advantages:
- Specific amplification .
- Rapid .
- Post-PCR processing of products
- Most specific, sensitive .
8. *PCR disadvantages
- Setting up and Running requires high technical skills .
- High equipment cost .
- High Test cost .
- High Sterile environment should be provided . (DNA contamination )
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Advantages Vs. Disadvantages
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Priciple
Step 1: Denature DNA
At 95C, the DNA is denatured (i.e. the two
strands are separated)
Step 2: Primers Anneal
At 40C- 65C, the primers anneal (or bind to)
their complementary sequences on the single
strands of DNA
Step 3: DNA polymerase Extends the DNA
chain
At 72C, DNA Polymerase extends the DNA
chain by adding nucleotides to the 3’ ends of the
primers.
11. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Types of PCR
* Quantitative PCR
- Used to measure the quantity of a target sequence .
- It quantitatively measures starting amounts of DNA,
cDNA, or RNA .
- qPCR is commonly used to determine whether a DNA
sequence is present in a sample and the number of its
copies in the sample .
12. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Types of PCR
* Quantitative PCR ( Real Time-PCR )
- Quantitative real-time PCR has a very high degree of
precision .
- Use fluorescent dyes , or fluorophore-containing DNA
probes .
- To measure the amount of amplified product in real
time.
13.
14.
15. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Types of PCR
* Reverse Transcriptase-PCR
- is one of many variants of polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) .
- For amplifying DNA from RNA .
- Used to qualitatively detect gene expression through
creation of complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts from
RNA , to detect RNA expression levels .
16. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Types of PCR
- qPCR is the abbreviation used for Real-Time PCR .
- RT-PCR commonly used as abbreviation for reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction and not
real-time PCR .
- Real-time PCR is combined with reverse
transcription to quantify messenger RNA (mRNA)
and non-coding RNA in cells or tissues
RT-PCR Vs. RT-PCR
17. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Types of PCR
Less Common :
- Inverse Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Nested polymerase chain reaction
- Hot start PCR
- Ligation-mediated PCR
- Multiplex-PCR
- Overlap-extension PCR
18. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Application of PCR Products
Application of PCR products into one of these
Techniques :
- Electrophoresis .
- Southern Blotting .
- Enzyme-Linked Hybridization .
- Cross-Linked Hybridization .
- FISH .
- ASO .
- Direct Sequencing .
19.
20. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Application of PCR
Application of PCR According to the Field of
Science :
- Medical applications
- Infectious disease applications
- Forensic applications
- Research applications
21. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Medical applications
- Genetic testing :
where a sample of DNA is analyzed for the
presence of genetic disease mutations
- Tissue typing :
in organ transplantation.
- Oncogenes :
Many forms of cancer involve alterations to
22. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Infectious disease applications
- The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) :
Antibodies to the virus circulating in the bloodstream.
don't appear until many weeks after infection, maternal
antibodies mask the infection of a newborn .
Detection of the Antigen . RT-PCR .
- Tuberculosis :
Are difficult to sample from patients and slow to
be grown in the laboratory. PCR-based tests allowed
detection of small numbers of disease organisms
(both live or dead) .
23. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Forensic applications
- Genetic fingerprinting :
can uniquely discriminate any person from the
entire population of the world. samples of DNA can be
isolated from a crime scene , and compared to that from
suspects, or from a DNA database of earlier evidence .
- Parental testing :
an individual is matched with their close relatives. Less
discriminating forms of DNA fingerprinting . DNA
compared with that from possible parents, siblings, or
children. Similar testing can be used to confirm the
biological parents of an adopted (or kidnapped) child .
24. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Technologies Bright Future
Immunoliposome-PCR
- Several advantages over other immune-PCR
methods .
- Ultrasensitive quantitative antigen detection
system .
- Reduces false-positive by allows nonspecific DNA in
the assay medium to be degraded .
25. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Bibliography
- Bartlett, J. M. S.; Stirling, D. (2003). "A Short History of the Polymerase Chain
Reaction". PCR Protocols 226. pp. 3–6.
- Saiki, R.; Scharf, S.; Faloona, F.; Mullis, K.; Horn, G.; Erlich, H.; Arnheim, N.
(1985). "Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and
restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia". Science 230(4732):
1350–1354
- Salis AD (2009). "Applications in Clinical Microbiology".Real-Time PCR: Current
Technology and Applications. Caister Academic Press
- Pavlov, A. R.; Pavlova, N. V.; Kozyavkin, S. A.; Slesarev, A. I. (2004). "Recent
developments in the optimization of thermostable DNA polymerases for
efficient applications".Trends in Biotechnology 22 (5): 253–260.
- Q. Chou, M. Russell, D.E. Birch, J. Raymond and W. Bloch (1992). "Prevention of pre-
PCR mis-priming and primer dimerization improves low-copy-number amplifications".
Nucleic Acids Research 20 (7): 1717–1723.
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/