11. A motherboard is the major circuit board
inside a computer that controls the entire
computer. As you saw there were a large
number of black boxes on it. So, what are
these? The answer is an amazing technology
that transformed the world we live in.
12. Integrated circuit are a combination of
different circuits elements mounted on a
single chip of silicon. These blocks can
reduce the size of a large circuit to less than
a fingertip while increasing the efficiency.
13. A microcontroller is a combination of
processor, memory and input- output
peripherals. It is a basically a small computer
reduced to the size of a black
box.
14.
15. Programming a microcontroller means
setting a set of instructions on the
microcontroller to perform a task.The task
may be addition of two numbers or lighting
up an LED or running a motor.
16. A software called a compiler is used to
convert human level code to electronic
instructions. Then these instructions are
feeded to the memory of the microcontroller
and these instructions are executed when
required.
18. A programmable multi-
purpose circuit board used
to make projects. It is a
learning platform for
beginners in
microcontroller
programming.
19. 1: The microcontroller - Atmega328p
2: The clock - 16 MHz
3: Input -Output pins
4: USB programming
port
20. The microcontroller is the brain of the
board. All the commands are given as input
to the microcontroller and it works as a
C.P.U to process them and gives the output.
But it’s not a simple C.P.U or processor.
21. The microcontroller gives output in the form
of current or voltage that can be used to
drive other components of a circuit for
example- an LED or a motor.
22. There is a clock attached to the
microcontroller that controls the amount of
work done by the microcontroller in a
second. This clock controls the number of
things the controller can do in a second.
23. It is similar to the
crystal that controls
your analog watch.
24. The clock on the Arduino board here is of 16
Mhz. So, it can process 16 million instructions
in a second.
25. The Arduino board is an advanced board so
It can directly be programmed through a
Computer software. There is a USB port
available on the board for connecting it to
the computer.
26. The USB port connects the board to the
computer. The Arduino software is used to
write the program and then upload it to the
board. The program then executes itself on
the board.
27. Digital Input pins- There are 13 digital
input/output pins on the board marked as
0-13. These pins can give output of 0V or +5V.
They can also take input but only as 0V or
+5V.
28. Digital means we will work with discrete
values of voltages. Normally we use 0V as
LOW signal and +5V as HIGH signal. Only
these two values are used in digital
electronics because they resemble binary
numbers.
1 - +5V , 0 - 0V.
29. The analog pins are named as A0-A5. These
pins can be used to get an analog input.
Analog means the voltage can be any value
between and may not be just 0V or +5V.
30. There is a button on the corner of the borad .
It is a reset button. Whenever we press this
button , all the instructions feeded inside the
board run from the very beginning.
31. 3.3V- This pin gives an output of 3.3 V.
5V - This pin gives an output of 5V.
GND- This pin gives an output of 0V.
Vin- This pin is used to power the borad.
32. The board can be powered with a battery or
Any other source having a voltage between
7-12 V.
Different ways are-
1.Vin pin
2.Black coloured jack
33. Normally when connected to a computer,
the board is powered by the USB port of the
computer.
34. The USB port on your computer provides a
constant voltage of +5V. This power is used
by external cooling fans for laptops or
computer or even to power any USB device.
35. 1: Cheap circuit board
2: Easy to use
3: Multiple sensors and devices supported
4: Open source project
5: Online support
36. 1.Make small playful projects.
2.Make small robots.
3.Implement some solution of a real life
problem
4.Make projects related to IOT - Internet Of
Things Video
37. The Arduino IDE - the software on which we
code.
What is this code?
C /C++ - the language on which we code
38. 1: GND= 0V
2:The language used to write the code here
is case sensitive. So, please write the code as
shown to you. Don’t even miss a “;” or a “()”
or”{ }”.
39. Glow the on-board LED:
There is an on-board LED near the mark L.
We can switch on/off this LED via a code.
40. 1: Connect the wire to the arduino board.
2: Connect the USB to the USB port.
3: Open the Arduino software.
42. There are two parts in our code that are
enclosed in { }.
These are called functions. Each function has
a set of instructions.
43. Void Setup() - This function is used to set up the
initial conditions on the board. In this code we use a
command called “pinMode” .This command tells the
board the about the mode in which we want to use
the pin. The mode is specified as shown - OUTPUT.
This means the pin 13 on the board is going to give
output of 0V or 5V as it is a digital pin.
44. Void Loop() - This function runs on
repeatedly once the program starts. After
the setup gives the instructions about pin-
modes, the instructions written inside the
loop are ran continuously for infinite time
until you switch OFF power.
45. The LED is a device that works when the
longer end is connected to high voltage and
shorter leg to low voltage. The on- board LED
has it’s longer leg connected to digital pin 13
and shorter leg to GND=0V.
46. So, when we give output as 5V on pin 13, the
LED glows while when we give 0V the LED is
OFF.
47. This command is used to give output to a
pin. The command “digitalWrite(13,HIGH);”
means give an output of +5V on the pin 13.
Here 5V=HIGH and 0V=LOW.
48. Once you make the Arduino pin HIGH or LOW
the output voltage does not change until
you change it by a command. So, the output
on pin 13 will be HIGH until we change it to
LOW or HIGH again.
49. The delay command is used to stop the
reading of instructions for a given amount of
time. The command “delay(1000)” means
the code stops for 1000 millisecond or 1
second and then moves on.
50. 1:Write the given code.
2: Go to Tools->Board ( Arduino/Genuino
UNO)
3: Go to Tools->Port-> (whichever port is
shown).
4: Click on the to upload the code to
board.
51. 1: Change the blink time - delay() function.
2: The given time is in Milliseconds
3: Upload to board
52. 1: Plug in the Longer leg of the LED in Digital
pin 2 and shorter leg in digital pin 3.
2: Copy the program as shown.
3: Upload to board.
53. 1: Connect longer legs of LEDs to digital pins
2, 4 and 6 and shorter legs to 3,5 and 7.
2: Copy the code as shown.
3: Upload.
