3rd Africa Rice Congress Theme 2: Intensification and diversification Mini symposium: determinants of agricultural productivity in Africa’s rice-based systems Author: Ablede, et. al.

1. Identification des causes des écarts de
rendement dans deux zones de
production de riz au Togo
presented by
Komlan A. ABLEDE
Agronomist
(Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Togo)

2. Outline
 Background
 Materials and methods
 Results
 Conclusion

3. Background
 Rice = 3rd most cultivated
cereal crop in Togo after
maize and sorghum.
 In Togo, Rice is increasingly
used in the diet of
population in both urban
and rural areas.
 The annual average of
white rice consumption per
capita is about 15 kg on the
national level of (DSID,
2010)
Fig. 1 : Production of the main cereal crops
(2008-2010)

4. Background
 However, rice production in Togo does not cover the needs of
the population
 Deficits are
always
compensated
by massive
importations in
spite of the
enormous
potentialities
of the country
Fig. 2 : Production vs importation of white rice (2000-2010)

5. Background
 In 2012, ITRA and AfricaRice survey have
been done to quantify ‘‘yield gap’’ in 2 rice
production areas in Togo.
Yield
gap
=
Potential
yield
–
Actual yield
obtained by
farmers

6. Background
 The objectives of this survey were:
 to identify causes of yield gap in rice
cultivation in Togo
 to quantify yield gaps and their causes.

7. Materials and methods
 Survey’s areas
Hub
Village/Irrigat N° of surveyed
ion scheme
field/farmer
REGION des
PLATEAUX
(rainfed
lowlands)
TOTAL
AGOME GLOZOU
10
ZIOWUNU
9
KOVIE
6
AKATA ADAME
10
KPELE BEME
10
AGADJI
REGION
MARITIME
(irrigated
lowlands)
10
-
55

8. Materials and methods
 Data collection
 through sampling

9. Materials and methods
 Data collection
 through direct observation

10. Materials and methods

Data collection
 through interview

11. Materials and methods
 Data collected
 Previous crops or length of fallow (by interview)
 Variety (by interview)
 Rice ecology (by interview and observation)
 Land preparation method (by interview)
 Crop establishment method and period (by interview)
 Irrigation / drainage system (by interview and observation)
 Crop density, rice canopy cover, weed infestation
 Water status, iron toxicity, …
 Crop management practices
 Diseases and insect pests,
 Yield data, etc.

12. Materials and methods
 Data have been recorded using smartphone
 Open Data Kit helped to
 Build a data collection form or survey;
 Collect the data on a smartphone and send it to a
server; and
 Aggregate the collected data on a server and extract
it in Excel format.
 Average yield data have been submited to
ANOVA under GenStat and means were
compared by Duncan test (5%)

13. Results

Main observations
o Good/bad practices
Maritime: irriguée
Plateaux : pluviale de bas-fond
Mauvais nivelage du sol, bonne confection des
diguettes
Mauvais nivelage du sol
Repiquage systématique (7 plts/pqt)
Semis à la volée/grande qté semences (Akata
Adamé); repiquage (Beme + Agadji)
Désherbages réguliers
Mauvaise gestion des adventices (désherbages
insuffisants)
Non application d’engrais organique
Engrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté
insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées
Non application d’engrais organique
Engrais minéral mal appliqué/en qté
insuffisante/périodes d’apport inappropriées
Lutte contre certaines maladies/ravageurs
Pas de lutte contre les maladies/ravageurs
Brûlis systématique des résidus
Paillage des résidus au champ
Irrigation/drainage

14. Results

Main observations
o Abiotic/biotic stress
Stress
Maritime: irriguée
Plateaux : pluviale de basfond
Toxicité ferreuse
Faible fertilité des sols
Sols pauvres; salinité
Très faible fertilité des sols
Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa
sp
Mauvaises herbes
piriculariose, helminthosporiose
abiotique
Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des
pluies
flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,
biotique
Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et
coléoptères phyllophages
coléoptères phyllophages

15. Results

Main observations
o Abiotic/biotic stress
Stress
Plateaux : rainfed lowlands
-
Insuffisance/mauvaise répartition des
pluies
Toxicité ferreuse
Faible fertilité des sols
Sols pauvres; salinité
Très faible fertilité des sols
Mauvaises herbes: surtout Echinocloa
sp
Mauvaises herbes
piriculariose, helminthosporiose
abiotic
Maritime: irrigated
flétrissement bactérien; piriculariose,
biotic
Insectes ravageurs: foreurs, acridiens et Insectes ravageurs: acridiens, foreurs et
coléoptères phyllophages
coléoptères phyllophages

16. Results
Rainfed lowlands
Irrigated lowlands
Village
Rep.
Average yield
(kg/ha)
Village
Rep.
Average yield
(kg/ha)
Agadji
10
2663 b
Kovié
6
3920 b
Akata
Adame
10
2815 b
Ziowunu
9
3314 c
Kpele
Beme
10
Agome
Glozou
10
5242 a
Mean
3781
a
3086 B
4159 A

17. Results
Rendement moyen paddy (12% Hté) vs écart par rapport au potentiel fixé à 6 t/ha

18. Conclusion
o Many biotic and abiotic constraints have been
recorded
o The highest yields/lowest gap were obtained in
irrigated lowlands
o Yield gaps recorded were ranged from 40 to
60% of potential yield of the most popular
variety cultivated in Togo (IR 841) which is
6t/ha.
o Yield gap survey is ongoing in the 2 hubs 2013
o Introduction of Good agricultural practices
began in 2013

19. Thank You
Merci